Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (Budshah): Kashmir ke pul, nahrein aur dastkariyan

Srinagar mein darya-e-Jhelum par bane purane pulon mein se ek ko aaj bhi "Zeena Kadal" kaha jata hai, yani Zain ka pul. Yeh naam pandrahvin sadi ke Kashmiri sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (Zain-ul-Abidin) ki yaad dilata hai, jinhen Kashmiri "Budshah" yani "bara badshah" kehte hain. Unhon ne taqriban pachas baras, 1418/1420 se 1470 tak, Kashmir par hukumat ki. Unneesvin sadi ke British muntazim Walter Lawrence (Walter Lawrence) ke mutabiq Kashmiri is taweel daur ko apni tareekh ka sab se khushhal zamana qarar dete the.

Takht nashini

Zain-ul-Abidin Kashmir ke Shah Mir khandan ke sultan Sikandar ke bete the. Aam taur par un ki paidaish 1401 ke lag bhag batayi jati hai. Lawrence 1417 ko un ki takht nashini ka saal likhte hain, jabke baad ki tehqeeq ke mutabiq woh 1418 mein mukhtasar arse ke liye aur phir 1420 se mustaqil taur par hukmran rahe.

Lawrence ke mutabiq takht sambhalte hi unhon ne pichhle hukmranon ke qaid kiye hue logon ko riha kiya aur darmiyani tajiron (middle man) ke munafe ko qawaid ka paband banaya. Hukumat ki rozmarra tafsilat unhon ne apne bhai Muhammad Khan ke supurd keen, aur khud bari policyon par tawajjoh di.

Sada zindagi

Lawrence ke mutabiq Zain-ul-Abidin zati zindagi mein ba-usool, zabt-e-nafs rakhne wale aur kifayat shaar the. Woh apne shahi gharane ke tamam akhrajat tanbe ki ek kaan ki aamdani se poore karte the jo unhon ne khud daryaft karai thi. Lawrence likhte hain ke purani tarikhon mein yeh baat darj hai, aur Lidder wadi ke ek pahar se kabhi tanba nikale jane ki riwayat bhi maujood hai.

Nahrein, pul aur band

Zain-ul-Abidin ka sab se numayan kaam pani aur raston ka intizam tha. Lawrence ke mutabiq woh kisanon ke pakke dost the aur unhon ne bahut se pul aur bahut si nahrein banwayin. Un ke daur mein Dal jheel ka pani ek raste se Jhelum mein girta tha; sultan ne yeh rasta band kar ke pani "Nalla Mar" ki taraf moda aur is par pathar ke saat pul banwaye. Unhon ne Inderkot se Sopore tak ek bari pukhta sarak (band) bhi tameer karayi. Kashmir ki Sindh nadi se pani la kar un ke mahal "Zeena Dab" ko sairab kiya jata tha.

Wular jheel ka jazira

Lawrence ke mutabiq sultan ka pasandeeda mashghala Wular jheel mein kashti rani tha, aur unhon ne is jheel mein ek jazira banwa kar is par ek mahal aur doosri imaratein tameer karayin. Lawrence, jinhon ne 1890 ki dahai mein yeh jazira dekha, likhte hain ke is ke khandrat se zahir hota hai ke yeh kabhi bahut khoobsurat jagah thi. Lawrence ke mutabiq jab yeh jazira banaya gaya to yeh jheel ke beech mein tha, magar sadiyon mein mitti bharne se jheel sukar gayi aur ab jazira ek kone mein reh gaya hai. Lawrence ke mutabiq sultan jahan jate, wahan bagh lagwate the.

Dastkariyan aur hunar

Kashmir ki kayi mashhoor dastkariyon ki ibtida Zain-ul-Abidin ke daur se jodi jati hai. Lawrence ke mutabiq sultan ne bairooni mumalik se kayi funoon aur sanatein Kashmir mein mutaarif karayin. Kaghaz sazi ke bare mein Lawrence likhte hain ke kaha jata hai ke yeh hunar, aur jild sazi bhi, sultan Samarkand se laye, aur kaghaz banane walon ko Srinagar ke Nowshera mohalle mein basaya gaya. Lawrence ke zamane mein bhi wahan chhattis khandan yeh kaam karte the, aur Kashmiri hath ka bana kaghaz kabhi bahut mashhoor tha.

Lawrence ke mutabiq Kashmiri yeh bhi batate hain ke resham ke keede palne ka kaam Zain-ul-Abidin ke daur mein maujood tha, baad mein khatam ho gaya aur phir dobara shuru hua.

Ilm, moseeqi aur tarjume

Lawrence ke mutabiq sultan adab, funoon-e-lateefa aur atish bazi ke sarparast the, aur un ka darbar shairon, moseeqaron aur gawaiyon se bhara rehta tha. Un ke daur mein sarkari kaam ki zaban ke taur par Farsi ka istemal barha. Aam taur par bataya jata hai ke un ke hukm se Sanskrit ki mashhoor kitabon Mahabharat aur Kalhan ki "Raj Tarangini" ke Farsi tarjume kiye gaye.

Un ke daur ki tareekh bhi mehfooz hai. Lawrence ke mutabiq Kashmir ki Sanskrit tareekh "Raj Tarangini" ko Pandit Jonaraja ne Zain-ul-Abidin ke daur tak aage barhaya, aur Shrivara ne sultan ke baqi daur aur un ki aulad ki tareekh likhi.

Wusat

Lawrence ke mutabiq un ka daur mukammal taur par pur-aman nahin tha; un ki hukumat Tibet aur Punjab ke kuch hisson tak phaili, aur Kashmir ke andar bhi baaz giroohon se unhen mushkilat ka samna raha.

Wafat

Lawrence ke mutabiq Zain-ul-Abidin ka intiqal unhattar baras ki umar mein hua, aur unhon ne Kashmir par taweel arse tak achhi hukumat ki. Aam taur par un ki wafat May 1470 mein batayi jati hai. Un ka maqbara Srinagar mein Zeena Kadal ke neeche darya ke kinare hai. Lawrence ke mutabiq woh ek narm dil, fayyaz aur ba-kamal hukmran ki shohrat chhor gaye, magar apne janasheenon ke liye koi paedar nizam-e-hukumat nahin chhor sake.

Warsa

Panch sadiyon baad bhi Zain-ul-Abidin ka naam Srinagar ke Zeena Kadal, Wular jheel ke jazire, aur Kashmir ke kaghaz, jild sazi aur doosri dastkariyon ke saath liya jata hai. Kashmiri unhen aaj bhi "Budshah" ke laqab se yaad karte hain.