Tughril Beg: Seljuk saltanat ka bani

Gyarahvin sadi ke aaghaz mein wasti Asia ke maidanon se Turkman qabail ka ek giroh janoob ki taraf barha, jis ki qiyadat do bhaiyon ke hath mein thi. In mein se ek Tughril Beg (Tughril Beg) the, jinhon ne chand dahaiyon mein Iran ke bare hisse par hukumat qaim ki aur Seljuk saltanat ki bunyad rakhi. Britannica ke mutabiq yeh khandan gyarahvin se chaudhvin sadi tak Iran, Iraq, Syria aur Anatolia par hukumat karta raha. Tughril ka daur-e-hukumat aam taur par 1037 se 1063 tak shumar kiya jata hai.

Khandani pas manzar

Britannica ke mutabiq Tughril taqriban 990 mein paida hue. Woh Seljuk ke pote the, jo dariya-e-Syhun (Syr Darya) ke kinare Jand ke ilaqe mein Oghuz (Oghuz) Turk qabail ke sardar the. Isi Seljuk ke naam par yeh khandan Seljuqi kehlaya.

Tughril aur un ke bhai Chaghri Beg 1016 se kuch pehle Mawara-un-Nahr mein dakhil hue. Britannica ke mutabiq 1025 mein dono bhai aur un ke chacha Arslan Bukhara ke Qarakhani Turk hukmaran ki mulazmat mein aaye. Isi saal Ghazni ke sultan Mahmood se shikast ke baad dono bhaiyon ne dariya-e-Amu ke dahane ke qareeb Khwarazm mein panah li.

Khorasan

Is ke baad Tughril aur Chaghri Khorasan mein dakhil hue, jahan un ki hukumat ki bunyad pari. Britannica ke mutabiq unhon ne bare shehron ke motabar halqon se qareebi taluqat qaim kiye aur Merv aur Nishapur un ki itaat mein aa gaye; Britannica is ka zamana 1028-1029 batata hai, jabke doosre makhaz Nishapur mein Tughril ke dakhle ko 1037-1038 ka waqia likhte hain. Inhi makhaz ke mutabiq 1037 mein Seljuk sardaron ne Tughril ko apna sultan tasleem kiya aur jume ke khutbe mein un ka naam liya jane laga.

1040 mein Dandanqan (Dandanqan) ke maqam par Seljukon ne Ghaznavi sultan Masood ko shikast di. Britannica ke mutabiq is ke baad Khorasan ko Chaghri Beg ki alag amaldari bana diya gaya, aur Tughril Iran ki sath-e-murtafa ki taraf barhne ke liye azad ho gaye. Dono bhaiyon ki yeh taqseem Seljuk hukumat ki ek namayan khususiyat rahi: khandan ke mukhtalif afrad alag alag ilaqon ke muntazim hote the.

Munazzam hukmaran

Britannica Tughril ko ek "bazabta aur munazzam" hukmaran qarar deta hai, jis ne sochi samjhi mansoobabandi se saltanat qaim ki. Britannica ke mutabiq un ka tareeqa yeh tha ke naye ilaqon mein pehle Turkman daste, un ke munh bole bhai Ibrahim Yinal ki qiyadat mein, dakhil hote, aur phir Tughril khud wahan pohanch kar un ilaqon ka intezam sambhalte.

Isi tarah 1040 aur 1044 ke darmiyan unhon ne Khorasan ke Caspian se mulhiq ilaqon, Rayy (Rayy) aur Hamadan par qabza kiya aur Isfahan par apni baladasti qaim ki. Rayy, jo maujooda Tehran ke janoob mein ek qadeem shehar tha, un ka markaz bana, aur yahin un ka intiqal hua.

Baghdad aur sultan ka laqab

Britannica ke mutabiq 1055 mein, Iraq ke mashriq aur shumal ki riyasaton ko zer karne ke baad, Tughril Baghdad mein dakhil hue. Britannica ke alfaz mein is ke baad Seljukon ne Baghdad ki Abbasi khilafat par "siyasi baladasti" qaim kar li. Un ke alqab mein "Rukn-ud-Dawla" aur "Malik-ul-Mashriq wal-Maghrib" (mashriq o maghrib ka badshah) shamil the.

Apni zindagi ke aakhri baras unhon ne shimal maghribi Iran ke chote hukmaranon ko zer karne mein guzare.

Intizami dhancha

Tughril ki hukumat mein intizami umoor un ke wazir Amid-ul-Mulk Kunduri (al-Kunduri) ke supurd the. Britannica ke mutabiq Seljuk daur mein Farsi tehzeeb ko khudmukhtari aur farogh mila; chunke Turkman Seljukon ki apni koi mazboot adabi riwayat nahin thi, unhon ne apne Irani asatiza ki saqafati zaban apna li, aur adabi Farsi poore Iran mein phail gayi.

Wafat

Britannica ke mutabiq Tughril Beg ka intiqal September 1063 mein Rayy mein hua; baaz makhaz October 1063 likhte hain. Un ke baad un ke bhatije, Chaghri Beg ke bete, Alp Arslan sultan bane.

Rayy mein inton ka ek buland, kangore dar minar riwayati taur par "Burj-e-Tughril" kehlata hai aur ise un ke maqbare se mansoob kiya jata hai, agarche is nisbat par muhaqqiqin muttafiq nahin.

Wirsa

Tughril ne qabaili sardaron ke ek giroh ko ek baqaida saltanat mein badal diya. Britannica ke mutabiq un ke janasheen Alp Arslan aur Malik Shah ke daur mein yeh saltanat poore Iran, Iraq aur Syria tak phail gayi, aur wazir Nizam-ul-Mulk ne is ke intizami dhanche ko munazzam kiya. Isi daur mein Isfahan ki Jama Masjid jaisi imaratein baniin aur Farsi zaban is poore khitte ki adabi aur sarkari zaban ke taur par mustahkam hui. Yeh sab is bunyad par khara tha jo Tughril Beg ne rakhi thi.