Tipu Sultan: Mysore ka hukmaran jis ne rocket ko jang ka hathiyar banaya

Atharwin sadi ke aakhir mein junubi Hind mein Marhatte, Nizam Hyderabad, French aur British East India Company ek doosre se uljhe hue the. Isi kashmakash mein riyasat Mysore ek mazboot quwwat ban kar ubhri, jis ka daar-ul-hukumat darya-e-Kaveri ke ek jazeere par waqe qila-band shehar Srirangapatna (Srirangapatna) tha. 1782 se 1799 tak is riyasat ke hukmaran Tipu Sultan (Tipu Sultan) the, jinhein "Sher-e-Mysore" kaha jata hai. Un ka daur chaar Anglo Mysore jangon, intizami tajurbat aur jangi rocketon ke istemal ki wajah se tareekh mein numayan hai.

Ibtidai zindagi

Tipu Sultan Devanahalli (Devanahalli) mein paida hue, jo aaj ke Bengaluru ke shimal mein waqe hai. Un ke saal-e-paidaish ke bare mein riwayat mukhtalif hain: aam taur par 1751 bataya jata hai, jabke British muarrikh Lewin Bowring (Lewin Bowring) ne 1753 likha hai. Bowring ke mutabiq un ka naam Arcot ke ek buzurg ke naam par rakha gaya, aur un ki walida Fakhr-un-Nisa Cuddapah ke qiladar Mir Moinuddin ki beti thin.

Un ke walid Haidar Ali (Haidar Ali) ek tajurbakar fauji the jo 1761 mein Mysore ke amlan hukmaran ban gaye. Tipu ko kam umri hi se fauji tarbiyat di gayi, jis mein Haidar Ali ki mulazmat mein mojood French afsaron ka bhi hissa tha, aur nau-umri hi mein woh pehli Anglo Mysore jang ki Muhimmat mein walid ke sath shareek hue, jis ka zikr Bowring ne bhi kiya hai.

Jangein aur iqtidar

Pehli Anglo Mysore jang (1767 ta 1769) ek muahide par khatam hui. Doosri jang 1780 mein shuru hui, jis mein September 1780 ko Pollilur (Pollilur) ke maqam par Colonel William Baillie ki kaman mein Company ka ek lashkar tabah ho gaya. Bowring ke mutabiq Haidar Ali ne Tipu ko behtareen daston ke sath Baillie ka rasta rokne bheja tha. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Company ke commander Sir Hector Munro ne is shikast ko Hindustan mein Angrezon ko lagne wali "sab se kari zarb" qarar diya.

December 1782 mein jang ke dauran Haidar Ali bimari se inteqal kar gaye aur Tipu Sultan ne hukumat sambhali. 1784 mein Muahida-e-Mangalore ke tehat yeh jang khatam hui aur sarhadein taqriban jang se pehle wali haalat par bahal ho gayin.

Teesri jang us waqt chhidi jab 29 December 1789 ko Mysore ki fauj ne Company ki ittehadi riyasat Travancore (Travancore) par hamla kiya. Governor General Lord Cornwallis (Lord Cornwallis) ne khud fauj ki qiyadat ki, Bengaluru fateh kiya aur Nizam Hyderabad aur Marhatton ki afwaj ke sath mil kar Srirangapatna ka muhasira kar liya. 1792 ke Muahida-e-Srirangapatna ki sharait sakht thin: Tipu ko apni saltanat ka bara hissa chhodna para, tawan ada karna para, qaidi riha karne pare aur apne do bete zamanat ke taur par Company ke hawale karne pare.

Safarat kari

Bowring ke mutabiq Tipu Sultan ne ek safarat Constantinople bheji, aur 1787 mein Muhammad Darvesh Khan ki sarbarahi mein doosri safarat barah-e-raast Paris rawana hui, jahan France ke badshah Louis XVI ne is ka purtapak istiqbal kiya, magar amli madad ka wada pura na ho saka kyunke France khud inqilab ke dahane par tha. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Tipu ne baad mein Napoleon Bonaparte ko bhi khat likh kar fauji madad mangi, lekin Napoleon ki tawajjo us waqt Misr par thi.

Intizam-e-saltanat

Bowring ke mutabiq unhon ne ek naya taqwim ka nizam rawaj diya jis mein barson aur mahinon ko naye naam diye gaye, aur 1784 se un ke khutoot isi nayi taqwim ke mutabiq tareekh war likhe jane lage. Un ke sikkon par bhi naya "Mouloodi" sana darj kiya jata tha jo hijrat ke bajaye Paighambar-e-Islam ki wiladat ke saal se shumar hota tha. Unhon ne kai maqamat ke naam bhi badle, masalan Devanahalli ko Yousufabad ka naam diya.

Bowring ke mutabiq unhon ne fauj ke liye atharah abwab par mushtamil ek zabita murattab karwaya, jo "Fath-ul-Mujahideen" ke naam se jana jata hai. 1796 mein bees bare jangi jahaz aur bees frigate banane ke liye ek behri board bhi qaim kiya gaya, magar un ki hukumat khatam hone se pehle yeh mansooba pura na ho saka.

Mysore ke rocket

Mysore ki fauj ki sab se mashhoor khusoosiyat us ke rocket the. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Haidar Ali ke zamane hi se Mysore ki fauj mein hath se chalaye jane wale rocket istemal hote the, jinhein aksar ghurr sawar aur unt sawar daste daghte the. Bowring ke mutabiq 1793 ke ek farman ke tehat baqayada payada fauj ki har regiment (kushoon) ke sath rocket chalane walon ki ek company mansalik thi.

Amriki khalai idare NASA (NASA) ke shobah-e-tareekh ke ek jareede mein sabiq Bharati sadr aur missile scientist A. P. J. Abdul Kalam ki khudnawisht ke hawale se likha gaya hai ke 1799 ki jang ke baad Angrezon ne saat sau se zyada rocket qabze mein liye, jinhein William Congreve (William Congreve) England le gaye aur un ki buniyad par rocket ki Technology par kaam kiya gaya.

Aakhri jang aur wafat

Chauthi aur aakhri jang us waqt hui jab naye Governor General Richard Wellesley (Richard Wellesley) ne Mysore aur France ke mumkina ittehad ko khatam karne ka faisla kiya. Company ko is bar bhi Marhatton aur Nizam Hyderabad ki himayat hasil thi. 7 April 1799 ko Srirangapatna ka muhasira shuru hua aur May ke aaghaz mein bhari topon se faseel mein shigaf dalne ke baad qile par dhawa bola gaya.

Bowring ke bayan ke mutabiq Tipu Sultan ek darwaze ke qareeb lart hue zakhmi hue aur wahin jaan de di. Agle din unhein Lal Bagh mein un ke walid Haidar Ali ke pehlu mein dafan kiya gaya. Is jang mein Mysore ki janib se halakaton ki tadaad Bowring ne aath hazar aur World History Encyclopedia ne taqriban das hazar batayi hai. Fateh ke baad shehar ko loota gaya.

Ilmi zakhira aur wirasa

Srirangapatna ke mahal se Tipu Sultan ka kutub khana bhi mila. Bowring ki fehrist ke mutabiq is mein tafseer, fiqh, tareekh, falakiyat, riyazi, tibb aur shayari ki kitabein thin, aur is ka bara hissa Calcutta ke naye qaim shuda Fort William College muntaqil kar diya gaya. Tipu ne sher ko apna nishan banaya tha, aur un ke liye banaya gaya ek mashini sher aaj London ke Victoria and Albert Museum mein rakha hai.

Tipu Sultan ki shakhsiyat ke bare mein muarrikhin ki aara hamesha ek jaisi nahin rahin. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Britain mein un ki wafat ke baad unhein manfi andaz mein pesh kiya jata raha, jabke haliya tehqeeq ne un ki intizami salahiyat, ilmi dilchaspi aur scientific aalaat ke shauq ko bhi numayan kiya hai. Isi makhaz ke mutabiq jangi qaidiyon ke sath sakht salook ke waqiat bhi un ke daur ka hissa hain.

Tipu Sultan ki wafat ke sath junubi Hind mein East India Company ke raste ki ek bari rukawat khatam ho gayi, magar un ki jangein, intizami tajurbat aur rocket aaj bhi barre-saghir ki tareekh ka aham bab hain.