Walid bin Abdul Malik: Damascus ki Jama Masjid aur Anjar ka shehar basane wala khalifa

Aathwin sadi eesvi ke aaghaz mein Damascus ek aisi saltanat ka darul hukumat tha jo apni tareekh ki sab se badi wusaat ko pahunch rahi thi. Isi shehar se 705 se 715 tak Walid bin Abdul Malik (al-Walid I) ne hukumat ki. Un ke daur ko muarrikhin sab se zyada tameerat ke hawale se yaad karte hain: Damascus ki Jama Umawi masjid, Madina ki masjid ki nayi tameer, Lebanon ki wadi-e-Bekaa mein Anjar ka mansooba band shehar, aur sadkon ke kinare kuen.

Ibtidai zindagi

Walid Umawi khalifa Abdul Malik bin Marwan ke sab se bade bete the. German muarrikh Julius Wellhausen (Julius Wellhausen) ke mutabiq un ki walida ka naam Wallada tha. Un ki paidaish 670 ki dahai mein hui; sahih saal ke baare mein riwayat mukhtalif hain. Abdul Malik ne apni zindagi hi mein unhein pehla jaanasheen namzad kar diya tha, aur un ke baad un ke bhaiyon Sulaiman aur Yazid ka number tha.

Takht nasheeni aur saltanat

Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq October 705 mein walid ki wafat ke baad Walid baghair kisi mushkil ke khalifa bane.

Un ke daur mein Umawi riyasat mashriq mein Sindh aur Mawara-un-Nahr se maghrib mein jazeera numa-e-Iberia (Spain aur Portugal) tak phail gayi; British muarrikh William Muir (William Muir) ke alfaz mein China ki sarhadon aur dariya-e-Sindh ke kinaron se bahr-e-Atlas tak un ka hukm chalta tha.

Damascus ki Jama Umawi masjid

Walid ki sab se mashhoor yaadgar Damascus ki Jama Masjid hai, jise Jama Umawi bhi kaha jata hai. Britannica ke mutabiq yeh 705 se 715 ke darmiyan tameer hui aur yeh pathar ki bani hui sab se purani mojood masjid hai. UNESCO ke mutabiq yeh masjid ek qadeem Roman mabad ki jagah par banayi gayi, jis ki deewaron ke kuch hisse aaj bhi shehar mein dekhe ja sakte hain.

Britannica ke mutabiq masjid ka ahata taqriban 157 meter lamba aur 100 meter chaura hai. Is ke beech mein ek bada khula sehn hai jis ke gird patle sutoonon par qaim mehraabon ki rahdari hai. Janubi janib namaz ka bada hall poori lambai mein phaila hua hai aur sutoonon aur mehraabon ki qataron ke zariye teen lambi rahdariyon mein bata hua hai. In rahdariyon ko beech mein se ek aada hissa kaatta hai, jis ke upar ek hasht pehlu gumbad hai, jo asal mein lakdi ka bana tha. Janubi deewar ki khirkiyon par sang-e-marmar ki jaaliyan lagi hain, jinhein Britannica Islami fan-e-tameer mein handasi bunat (geometric interlace) ki sab se qadeem misaal qarar deta hai.

Masjid ki deewarein kabhi ek acre se zyada raqbe par phaile hue pachi kari (mosaic) ke kaam se dhaki hui thin, jin mein ek khayali manzar banaya gaya tha. Britannica ke mutabiq ab is kaam ke sirf kuch hisse baqi hain. Masjid ko 1401 mein Timur ke hamle mein shadeed nuqsan pahuncha, baad mein ise dobara tameer kiya gaya, aur 1893 mein aag ne phir nuqsan pahunchaya.

UNESCO is masjid ko Umawi fan-e-tameer ka shahkar qarar deta hai. Is ke mutabiq Damascus ka shehri naqsha Yunani aur Roman daur ki seedhi galiyon ke jaal par qaim tha, aur is ke beech mein Jama Masjid ki mojoodgi ne Damascus ko baad ke Arab shehron ke liye ek namoona bana diya.

Madina aur doosri tameerat

Wellhausen ke mutabiq Walid ko har qism ki imaratein banane aur dehi jagiron ki abadkari aur taraqqi ka khas shauq tha, aur yeh shauq un ke qareebi halqe mein bhi phail gaya. Wellhausen, qadeem muarrikh Baladhuri ke hawale se, likhte hain ke Walid ne Madina ki masjid ko mukammal tor par az sar-e-nau tameer karwaya. Is zamane mein un ke chacha zaad Umar bin Abdul Aziz Hijaz ke governor the. Muir ke mutabiq 91 Hijri (709-710) mein Walid Madina gaye aur Umar ke saath tameer ke kaam ka tafseeli muaina kiya.

Anjar: ek mansooba band shehar

Lebanon ki wadi-e-Bekaa mein Anjar (Anjar) ke khandrat Walid ke daur ki ek munfarid yaadgar hain. UNESCO ke mutabiq yeh shehar aathwin sadi ke aaghaz mein khalifa Walid awwal ne basaya. Yeh do aham tijarati raaston ke sangam par tha: ek Beirut se Damascus jata tha aur doosra wadi-e-Bekaa ko paar kar ke Homs se Tiberias tak.

UNESCO ke mutabiq shehar ka ahata mustateel tha, taqriban 385 meter lamba aur 350 meter chaura, jis ke gird faseel thi aur faseel par chalis burj the. Shumal se janub ek badi sadak aur mashriq se maghrib ek chhoti sadak shehar ko char barabar hisson mein bantti thin, aur in sadkon ke neeche nikasi ki badi naliyan thin. Khalifa ka bada mahal aur masjid janubi mashriqi hisse mein the. Yeh shehar kabhi mukammal na ho saka aur 744 ke baad weeran ho gaya. Is ke khandar 1940 ki dahai ke aakhir mein maahireen-e-asar-e-qadeema ne daryaft kiye, aur aaj yeh aalmi wirse ki fehrist mein shamil hain.

Falahi kaam, sadkein aur bazar

Wellhausen, Tabari ke hawale se, likhte hain ke Walid ne juzam ke mareezon, nabinaon aur maazooron ke liye wazife muqarrar kiye taake unhein bheek na mangni pade. Muir ke mutabiq unhon ne boorhon, nabinaon aur langdon ke liye intezam kiya aur madrase aur shifakhane qaim kiye; albatta jadeed muhaqqiqin mein is baat par ikhtilaf hai ke aaya yeh baqayda hospital tha ya maazooron aur mareezon ke liye ek imdadi idara.

Muir ke mutabiq Walid aksar khud bazaron ka daura karte the aur dastkari aur naqsh-o-nigar ki itni hausla afzai karte the ke log in kamon mein dilchaspi lene lage. Saltanat bhar mein sadkein banayi gayin aur munasib faslon par kuen khode gaye taake musafiron ko suhoolat mile.

Intezam aur Zaraat

Wellhausen ke mutabiq Walid ke daur mein Misr ke sarkari daftar mein Qibti zabaan ki jagah Arabi raij ki gayi, aur yun un ke walid ka shuru kiya hua kaam aage barha. Zaraat ke maidan mein Wellhausen likhte hain ke Dajla aur Furat ke zerin daldali ilaqon ki bahali ka kaam Muawiya ke baad khas tor par Walid aur Hisham ke adwar mein aage barha. Walid ne apne bhai Maslama ko ijazat di ke woh apne kharch par wahan ke tootay hue bandh dobara tameer karayein.

Wafat

Wellhausen ke mutabiq Walid ka intiqal Jumada al-Thani 96 Hijri ke wasat mein, hafte ke din hua, jo 23 February 715 banta hai. Un ka intiqal Damascus ke nawah mein hua. Wellhausen ke mutabiq us waqt un ki umar taqriban chalis baras thi, jabke Muir paintalis baras likhte hain. Unhon ne taqriban das baras hukumat ki, aur walid ki wasiyat ke mutabiq un ke baad un ke bhai Sulaiman khalifa bane.

Wirsa

Walid ke daur ki sab se badi nishani Damascus ki Jama Umawi masjid hai, jo terah sadiyon baad bhi shehar ke beech mein khadi hai aur qadeem shehar ke saath UNESCO ke aalmi wirse mein shamil hai. Anjar ke khandrat Umawi daur ki shehri mansooba bandi ki sab se wazeh misaal hain, aur UNESCO unhein aathwin sadi ke shehri naqshe ki ek munfarid gawahi qarar deta hai. In imaraton mein Roman aur Byzantine tameeri riwayat se ibtidai Islami fan-e-tameer ki taraf muntaqili saaf dikhayi deti hai.