Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur: Farghana ka shehzada jis ne Hindustan mein nayi saltanat ki bunyad rakhi

Pandrahveen sadi ke aakhir mein wasti Asia ki wadi-e-Farghana, jo aaj Uzbekistan mein hai, chhoti riyasaton mein bati hui thi jin ke hukmran aapas mein rishtedar bhi the aur harif bhi. Yahin Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur (Babur) paida hue, jinhon ne bachpan mein takht paya, baar baar use khoya aur aakhirkaar 1526 mein Hindustan mein Mughalia saltanat ki bunyad rakhi, jo teen sadiyon se zyada qaim rahi.

Ibtidai zindagi aur khandan

Babur 14 February 1483 ko Farghana ke shehr Andijan mein paida hue. Un ke walid Umar Sheikh Mirza Farghana ke hukmran the aur baap ki taraf se un ka silsila Amir Timur (Timur) tak pahunchta tha, jabke walida Qutlugh Nigar Khanum ki taraf se woh Changez Khan ki nasl se the. "Babur" dar asal un ka laqab tha jo aam taur par Farsi lafz "babar" yaani sher ya cheetay se mansoob kiya jata hai.

1494 mein walid ki achanak maut ke baad Babur gyarah baras ki umr mein Farghana ke hukmran bane. Unhein shuru hi se apne chachaon aur baaz umara ki mukhalifat ka samna raha, aur is mushkil waqt mein un ki nani Aisan Daulat Begum ne un ka sath diya.

Samarqand ka khwab aur dar badri

Babur ki jawani ka sab se bara khwab apne jadd-e-amjad Timur ka darulhukumat Samarqand hasil karna tha. 1497 mein saat mah ke muhasre ke baad unhon ne yeh shehr fatah kar liya, magar sirf sau din hi use sambhal sake. Isi dauran Farghana mein baghawat ho gayi aur woh donon ilaqon se mahroom ho gaye. 1500 aur 1501 ke dauran unhon ne Samarqand dobara liya, lekin Uzbek sardar Muhammad Shaibani Khan ne unhein wahan se bhi nikal diya.

Is ke baad ka zamana Babur ki zindagi ka sab se kathin daur tha. Woh chand sathiyon ke sath pahadon mein phirte rahe aur Tashkent mein apne mamoon ke pas panah li.

Kabul: nayi shuruaat

1504 mein Babur ne barf posh Hindu Kush uboor kiya aur Kabul par qabza kar liya, jahan us waqt Arghun khandan ke sardar hukumat kar rahe the. Yahi shehr agle bees baras un ka markaz raha. 1510 mein Safavi Shah Ismail awwal ne Shaibani Khan ko shikast di to Babur ne Safaviyon ke sath mil kar 1511 mein teesri baar Samarqand hasil kiya, magar agle hi baras Uzbekon ne yeh shehr phir chheen liya.

Samarqand ki aakhri nakami ke baad Babur ki tawajjo mustaqil taur par janub ki taraf mur gayi. Unhon ne Kabul mein rehte hue apni fauj ko munazzam kiya aur Usmani Turkon se top aur tore dar bandooq ko maidan-e-jang mein istemal karne ka tareeqa apnaya.

Hindustan ki taraf: Panipat

Us waqt shumali Hindustan par Delhi ke sultan Ibrahim Lodi (Ibrahim Lodi) ki hukumat thi, magar mauarrikheen ke mutabiq un ki saltanat andruni ikhtilafat ka shikar thi. Punjab ke hakim Daulat Khan Lodi aur sultan ke chacha Alauddin ne Babur se rabta kiya. November 1525 mein Babur apni panchveen muhim par rawana hue.

Babur Nama ke mutabiq is lashkar ki kul tadad, tajiron aur mulazimon samet, barah hazar likhi gayi thi, jabke Ibrahim Lodi ki fauj ka andaza aik lakh lagaya jata tha. 21 April 1526 ko Panipat ke maidan mein donon faujen aamne samne huin. Babur ne saat sau ke qareeb gadiyon ko kachche chamre ki rassiyon se bandh kar aik deewar si banayi, un ke peechhe topen aur bandooqchi khare kiye, aur donon pehluon se ghorsawaron ke zariye dushman ko gher liya. Chand ghanton mein jang ka faisla ho gaya aur Ibrahim Lodi maidan mein mare gaye. Is ke baad Babur ne Delhi aur Agra par qabza kar liya.

Khanwa aur saltanat ka istehkam

Panipat ke baad sab se bara challenge Mewar ke Rajput hukmran Rana Sanga (Rana Sanga) the, jin ke sath kai Rajput aur Afghan sardar shamil the. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq 16 March 1527 ko Khanwa ke maqam par donon lashkar takraye. Babur ne yahan bhi gadiyon aur topon ki wahi tarteeb apnayi aur fatah hasil ki.

1528 mein unhon ne Malwa ke qile Chanderi par qabza kiya aur May 1529 mein darya-e-Ghaghra ke kinare Afghan sardaron aur Bengal ki mushtarka fauj ko shikast di. Yun un ki hukumat Kabul se Punjab aur Ganga ke maidanon tak phail gayi, aur Agra us ka darulhukumat bana.

Babur Nama, shayari aur bagh

Babur ki sab se paedar yaadgar un ki khudnawisht "Babur Nama" hai, jo unhon ne apni madri zaban Chaghatai Turki mein likhi. Is mein woh apni kamyabiyon ke sath apni ghaltiyon aur nakamiyon ka bhi be lag zikr karte hain, aur jin ilaqon se guzre wahan ke logon, rasm o riwaj, janwaron, phalon aur paudon ki tafseel likhte hain. Un ke pote Akbar ke daur mein Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khanan ne 1589 mein is ka Farsi tarjuma kiya. Lane-Poole ne Henry Beveridge ke hawale se ise duniya ki azeem khudnawishton mein shumar kiya hai.

Babur Turki ke sath Farsi mein bhi shair kehte the. Un ke ham asr mauarrikh Mirza Haider ne unhein Turki shayari mein Amir Ali Sher Navai ke baad doosre darje par rakha. Unhon ne aruz par aik risala likha aur aik khas rasm-ul-khat bhi waza kiya jo "Khat-e-Baburi" kehlata hai.

Babur ko baghon se khas lagao tha. Agra pahunchte hi unhon ne darya-e-Jamuna ke kinare kunwen khudwaye aur char hisson mein bata hua "Char Bagh" lagwaya, jis mein pani ki naliyan aur phoolon ki kyariyan thin. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq maqami logon ne, jinhon ne pehle aisa bagh nahin dekha tha, is ilaqe ko "Kabul" kehna shuru kar diya. Yahi Char Bagh baad mein Mughal fan-e-tameer ki pehchan bana.

Aakhri ayyam

1530 mein un ke bare bete Humayun shadeed beemar hue. Un ki beti Gulbadan Begum ki riwayat ke mutabiq Babur ne bete ke bistar ke gird chakkar laga kar dua ki ke beemari un ki taraf muntaqil ho jaye. Humayun Sehat yab ho gaye aur Babur ki Sehat girne lagi. 26 December 1530 ko saintalees baras ki umr mein Agra mein un ka intiqal hua aur Humayun janasheen bane. Pehle unhein Agra mein dafn kiya gaya, magar un ki wasiyat ke mutabiq baad mein un ki mayyat Kabul le jayi gayi jahan woh aaj bhi "Bagh-e-Babur" mein aasuda-e-khak hain.

Wirsa

Babur ka daur-e-hukumat Hindustan mein sirf char baras raha. Topkhane par mabni jangi hikmat-e-amli, Timuri aur Farsi tehzeeb aur bagh bani ki jo riwayat woh sath laye, woh un ke janasheenon ke daur mein aage barhi. Lane-Poole ke alfaz mein Babur ne jo saltanat hasil ki, us ki shan ka unhein abhi poori tarah andaza bhi na hua tha ke woh use apne pote Akbar ke liye aik qeemti wirse ke taur par chhor gaye.

Jis Samarqand ke liye Babur ne jawani bhar jangen larin woh unhein mustaqil taur par na mil saka, magar is safar ka anjam Hindustan mein aik naye khandan ki hukumat ki soorat mein nikla, aur un ki khudnawisht aaj bhi is daur ko samajhne ka aik bunyadi zariya hai.