Umar bin Abdul Aziz: Dhai baras ki khilafat jo sadiyon yaad rahi

Aathwin sadi eesvi ke aaghaz mein Umayyad khilafat ka darul hukumat Damascus tha aur is ki hudood Spain se Sindh tak phaili hui thin. Isi khandan ke aathwein khalifa Umar bin Abdul Aziz (Umar II)the, jinhon ne September 717 se February 720 tak, yani dhai baras se bhi kam arse hukumat ki. Is mukhtasar daur mein mehsulat, soobai intezam aur fauji policy mein un ki tabdeeliyon ki wajah se morrikhin unhein Umayyad hukmranon mein alag maqam dete hain.

Ibtidai zindagi

German morrikh Julius Wellhausen (Julius Wellhausen) ke mutabiq Umar bin Abdul Aziz Madina mein paida hue aur jawani ka bara hissa wahin guzara, jahan un ki parwarish is shehar ki ilmi riwayat mein hui. Un ka saal-e-paidaish umooman 680 ke lag bhag bataya jata hai. Un ke walid Abdul Aziz bin Marwan taweel arse tak Misr ke governor rahe. Wellhausen ke mutabiq walida ki taraf se un ka silsila-e-nasab doosre khalifa Hazrat Umar bin Khattab se milta tha, aur woh khud is nisbat ko bahut ahmiyat dete the.

Walid ki wafat ke baad khalifa Abdul Malik ne unhein Damascus bula liya aur apni beti Fatima se un ki shadi kar di.

Governor-e-Hijaz

Khalifa Walid awwal ne Umar ko Hijaz ka governor bana kar Madina bheja. Wellhausen ke mutabiq is taqarruri ka maqsad ahl-e-Madina ko Umayyad hukumat ke qareeb lana aur sabiq governoron ki sakhtiyon ki talkh yaadein mitana tha. Madina mein Umar ke taalluqat wahan ke ulema aur muhaddiseen se gehre ho gaye, aur unhon ne hukumat par in ulema ki tanqeed ko bardasht kiya. Iraq ke bahut se log governor Hajjaj bin Yusuf se bach kar Hijaz aane lage, aur Wellhausen ke mutabiq Hajjaj ke israr par Umar ko wapas bula liya gaya, agarche woh darbar mein izzat ke maqam par rahe.

Ghair mutawaqqe jaanashini

717 mein khalifa Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik shumali Sham ke maqam Dabiq (Dabiq) mein Constantinople ki muhim ki nigrani kar rahe the ke beemar par gaye. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Sulaiman ke bete kam umr the, is liye unhon ne apne chacha zad Umar ko jaanashin namzad kiya.

Wellhausen ke mutabiq Sulaiman ke mushir Raja bin Haiwa ne Sulaiman ki wafat ke baad Umayyad shehzadon ko Dabiq ki masjid mein jama kiya aur pehle un se namzad khalifa ki bayat li, aur is ke baad naam zahir kiya. Yeh faisla sab ke liye hairan kun tha, kyunke Umar khandan ki ek zaili shakh se the aur Abdul Malik ke kai bete maujood the. Wellhausen likhte hain ke kisi ne is ka khwab bhi nahin dekha tha, "shayad khud Umar ne bhi nahin". Wasiyat ke mutabiq Umar ke baad Yazid bin Abdul Malik ko khalifa banna tha.

Fauji policy

Umar ka pehla bara faisla Constantinople ke muhasre se mutaliq tha, jo bhari nuqsan ke sath jari tha. British morrikh William Muir (William Muir) ke mutabiq Umar ne muhasra karne wali fauj ke liye bari miqdar mein rasad aur sawariyan bhejin taake Maslama bin Abdul Malik ki qiyadat mein yeh fauj behifazat wapas aa sake. Wellhausen ke mutabiq Umar fatuhat ki jangon ki taraf mail nahin the; unhon ne sarhad ki agli chowkiyan khali kar ke daste peeche bula liye aur Mawara-un-Nahr mein mazeed tawseea se mana kiya. Taham isi daur mein Andalus ki jaanib se janubi France ka shehar Narbonne (Narbonne) fatah hua.

Soobon ka intezam

Wellhausen ke mutabiq Umar ne aham soobon mein naye governor muqarrar kiye, aur un ke intikhab ki bunyad siyasi dharra bandi ke bajaye yeh thi ke woh unhein qabil-e-aitmad aur diyanatdar samajhte the. Umar governoron ko sirf mehsulat bhejne ki shart par azad nahin chorte the balke har mamle mein khud ko jawabdeh samajhte the. Wellhausen ke alfaz mein un ki asal dilchaspi "taqat mein izafe se zyada haq ke qiyam" mein thi.

Un ke daur mein qazi ke ohde ko zyada ahmiyat mili. Wellhausen ke mutabiq Khorasan ke ek ohdedar ke naam khat mein Umar ne hukumat ke chaar sutoon ginwaye: governor, qazi, mehsulat ka muntazim aur khalifa. Mashhoor alim Hasan Basri un ke daur mein Basra ke qazi rahe.

Maali islahat

Umar ki sab se aham islah ghair arab naye musalmanon, yani Mawali, se mutaliq thi. Is se pehle Islam qabool karne wale bahut se ghair arab bashindon se, sarkari amdani kam hone ke dar se, purana jizya wasool kiya jata raha tha. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Umar ne ghair arab musalmanon par tax mein narmi ki aur arab o ghair arab musalmanon mein barabari ko farogh diya, aur Wellhausen ke mutabiq Hajjaj ke daur ka woh hukm mansookh kar diya gaya jis ke tehat naye musalmanon ko purana tax ada karte rehna parta tha.

Khazane ko nuqsan se bachane ke liye zameen ke bare mein ek alag usool rakha gaya. Wellhausen ke mutabiq 100 Hijri ke baad kharaji zameen ko musalmanon ke hath farokht karna najaiz qarar diya gaya, taake zameen ka kharaj barqarar rahe. Un ke do jaanashinon ne bhi yeh usool barqarar rakha.

Zati sadgi

Umar ki zati zindagi ki sadgi ka zikr kai morrikhin ne kiya hai. Muir ke mutabiq khalifa banne par shahi astabal ke umda ghore un ke samne pesh kiye gaye magar unhon ne apni sada sawari ko tarjeeh di. Unhon ne apni ahliya Fatima se kaha ke un ke walid ke diye hue qeemti zewraat sarkari khazane mein jama kara dein, aur unhon ne aisa hi kiya. Muir ke mutabiq Umar ki wafat ke baad jab un ke bhai Yazid ne zewraat wapas karna chahe to Fatima ne lene se inkar kar diya.

Muir yeh bhi likhte hain ke Damascus ke maseehiyon ne jab apne ek girja ki wapsi ka mutalba kiya, jo Walid ke daur mein Jama Masjid mein shamil kiya ja chuka tha, to Umar yeh mutalba to poora na kar sake, magar unhon ne moahide ke tehat un ke haq mein aane wale doosre girja unhein wapas kar diye.

Wafat

Umar bin Abdul Aziz February 720 mein taqriban unchalis baras ki umr mein intiqal kar gaye. Wellhausen ke mutabiq un ki wafat Khunasira ke maqam par hui, jabke deegar riwayat ke mutabiq un ka intiqal Maarrat al-Numan ke qareeb Dair Simaan mein hua, jahan un ki qabr hai. Baaz riwayat ke mutabiq unhein zehar diya gaya, aur World History Encyclopedia ne bhi yahi likha hai, magar Wellhausen ke mutabiq qabil-e-aitmad qadeem morrikhin is riwayat se na waqif hain, aur Muir ne bhi is par shak zahir kiya hai. Un ke baad Yazid sani khalifa bane.

Wirsa

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq 750 mein jab Abbasiyon ne Umayyad khulafa ki qabrein khod dalin to Umar bin Abdul Aziz ki qabr un ki shohrat ki wajah se mahfooz rahi, aur un ke baad aane wale khalifa Hisham ne un ki kai islahat dobara nafiz kin, jinhein Yazid sani ne tark kar diya tha.

Wellhausen ke baqaul yeh kehna mumkin nahin ke agar Umar bin Abdul Aziz zyada arsa hukumat karte to kya kuch kar pate, magar un ki maali islahat, governoron ki kari nigrani aur zati sadgi ka zikr Umayyad khilafat ki har tareekh mein alag se milta hai.