Abdul Rahman al-Dakhil: Cordoba ki jame masjid ki bunyad rakhne wala ameer

Spain ke junubi shehar Cordoba (Cordoba) mein darya-e-Wadi al-Kabir ke kinare sutoonon aur mehraabon ki aik wasee imarat khari hai, jise UNESCO apni wusat aur andaruni bulandi ke lihaz se aik munfarid fanni takhleeq qarar deta hai. Is imarat ki bunyad aathvin sadi mein Abdul Rahman awwal (Abd al-Rahman I) ne rakhi, jo tareekh mein "Abdul Rahman al-Dakhil" yaani "andar aane wala" ke naam se mashhoor hain. Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq woh Syria ke Umavi khandan ke aik fard the jinhon ne Spain mein aik naya Umavi khandan-e-hukmarani qaim kiya. Unhon ne 756 se 788 tak hukumat ki.

Ibtidai zindagi

Abdul Rahman 731 ke lag bhag Syria mein paida hue. Woh Umavi khalifa Hisham bin Abdul Malik ke pote the, jin ka zikr is silsile ki pichhli qist mein aa chuka hai. British mustashriq Stanley Lane-Poole (Stanley Lane-Poole) ke mutabiq qadeem muarrikhin unhein buland qamat, zaheen aur bohat mehnati batate hain.

Andalus aamad

Britannica ke mutabiq 750 mein jab Abbasiyon ne Umavi khilafat ka khatma kiya to Abdul Rahman Syria se nikal gaye. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq us waqt un ki umar taqriban bees baras thi, aur agle taqriban paanch baras unhon ne shimali Africa mein guzare. Wahan se unhon ne apne wafadar malazim Badr ko Andalus (al-Andalus) bheja, jahan bohat se Arab sardar Umavi khandan ke purane wabastagan the. In sardaron ki hamayat milne par Abdul Rahman September 755 mein samandar paar kar ke Andalus pahunche.

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq 756 ke mausam-e-bahar mein Andalus ke governor Yusuf ko shikast de kar woh Cordoba mein dakhil hue aur ise apna darul hukumat banaya.

Cordoba: darul hukumat

Cordoba aik purana shehar tha. UNESCO ke mutabiq ise Romiyon ne doosri sadi qabl-e-maseeh mein aabad kiya tha aur yeh Romi soobe Baetica ka darul hukumat raha. Darya par bana Romi daur ka pul aaj bhi mojood hai. UNESCO ke mutabiq aathvin sadi mein Cordoba aik imarat ka darul hukumat bana, aur 929 mein Abdul Rahman salis ne yahan khilafat qaim ki. Abdul Rahman awwal ne khud khalifa ka laqab ikhtiyar nahin kiya balke ameer kehlaye. UNESCO ke mutabiq aathvin se daswin sadi tak Cordoba maghribi duniya ka sab se bara shehri aur saqafati markaz tha.

Intizam

Britannica ke mutabiq jab Abdul Rahman ki kamyabi ki khabar mashriq tak pahunchi to woh log jo pehle Umavi intizamiya mein kaam kar chuke the, Spain aa kar un ke sath shamil ho gaye, aur yun un ka intizami nizam usi tarz ka ban gaya jo pehle Damascus mein raij tha. Unhon ne aham ohdon par apne khandan ke afrad ko muqarrar kiya aur aik baqaida fauj aur sarkari amla tayyar kiya.

Lane-Poole ne Andalus ke muarrikh Ibn Hayyan ke hawale se un ka jo khaka diya hai, us ke mutabiq woh khush bayan aur taiz fahm the, faisla karne mein der lagate the magar faisla kar lene ke baad us par sabit qadmi se amal karte the. Woh hukumat ka kaam kisi aur ke supurd karne ke bajaye khud chalate the, albatta mushkil muamilat mein tajurbakar aur dana logon se mashwara zaroor karte the. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Abbasi khalifa Mansoor bhi un ki himmat aur tadbeer ke motarif the aur unhein "Saqr-e-Quraish", yaani Quraish ka shaheen, kehte the.

Cordoba ki jame masjid

Abdul Rahman ka sab se bara tameeri kaam Cordoba ki jame masjid ka aghaz tha. Is ke saal-e-aghaz ke bare mein maakhiz mein maamooli farq hai: UNESCO ise taqriban 785 batata hai, aam taur par 785-786 ka saal liya jata hai, aur Lane-Poole 784 likhte hain. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Abdul Rahman ne is par sone ke assi hazar sikke kharch kiye, aur un ke bete Hisham awwal ne 793 mein is ka pehla hissa mukammal kiya.

UNESCO ke mutabiq is imarat mein qadeem Romi aur us ke baad ke daur ke sutoon dobara istemal kiye gaye, jo is ki tameer ki aik numayan khususiyat hai. Baad mein teen sadiyon tak is mein musalsal tawseeh hoti rahi, aur har hukmran ne is mein koi naya hissa ya araish shamil ki. UNESCO ke mutabiq is ki wusat aur andaruni chhaton ki ghair maamooli bulandi ise aik munfarid fanni karnama banati hai, aur yeh imarat aathvin sadi se maghrib ke Islami fan-e-tameer par gehra asar dalti rahi, yahan tak ke unneesvin sadi ke "Neo Moorish" tarz-e-tameer mein bhi is ki jhalak milti hai.

Lane-Poole likhte hain ke aaj bhi yahan aane wale musafir sutoonon ke is "jungle" mein hairan khade reh jate hain, jo har taraf na khatam hone wali qataron mein phaila hua hai, aur is ka sehan aaj bhi narangi ke darakhton se sarsabz hai. UNESCO ke mutabiq ise 1984 mein aalmi wirse ki fehrist mein shamil kiya gaya, aur 1994 mein is fehrist mein Cordoba ka tareekhi markaz, Romi pul aur darya ka kinara bhi shamil kar liye gaye.

Bagh aur Syria ki yaad

Lane-Poole, muarrikh al-Maqqari ke hawale se, likhte hain ke Abdul Rahman ne Cordoba mein aik bagh lagwaya jo un ke dada Hisham ke Syria wale bagh ki tarz par tha, jahan unhon ne bachpan guzara tha. Unhon ne Syria se khajoor ka aik darakht mangwa kar is bagh mein lagaya, aur is par aik mukhtasar nazm kahi jis mein darakht ko mukhatib kar ke kaha ke woh bhi un ki tarah apne watan aur apnon se door aik ajnabi zameen mein ugga hai.

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Abdul Rahman ne nayab darakht, paude aur beej lane ke liye door door tak log bheje, aur un ke maaliyon ki maharat se yeh ghair mulki paude jald hi yahan ki aab o hawa mein panap gaye aur shahi bagh se nikal kar poore mulk mein phail gaye. Anar bhi isi tarah Damascus se laye gaye aik paude ke zariye Andalus pahuncha.

Wafat

Abdul Rahman ka intiqal 788 mein Cordoba mein hua. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq unhon ne battees baras hukumat ki, aur un ke baad un ke bete Hisham awwal tees baras ki umar mein ameer bane.

Wirsa

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Abdul Rahman ka qaim kiya hua khandan taqriban teen sadiyon tak Cordoba par hukmran raha. UNESCO ke mutabiq 929 se 1031 tak Cordoba khilafat ka markaz raha, aur kaha jata hai ke is daur mein shehar mein teen sau masajid aur be shumar mahal aur sarkari imaratein thin, jo Constantinople, Damascus aur Baghdad ki hamsari karti thin.

Un ki sab se badi yadgar Cordoba ki jame masjid hai, jo barah sadiyon se zyada guzarne ke baad bhi khari hai, aur Damascus se aane wale is shehzade ki yaad dilati hai jis ne Syria ke fan-e-tameer aur baghbani ki riwayat ko Andalus tak pahunchaya.