Abd al-Malik bin Marwan: Arabi daftar, naye sikkay aur aath pehlu wali gumbad-dar imarat

685 se 705 tak Damascus se Abd al-Malik bin Marwan (Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan) ne hukumat ki. Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq woh Umayyad khandan ke panchwen khalifa the, jinhon ne hukumati intezam ko naye sire se munazzam kiya aur poori saltanat mein Arabi ko daftari zaban bana diya. Un ka naam aaj teen cheezon se jura hai: sarkari daftar ki Arabi zaban, sirf tehriron wale sonay aur chandi ke naye sikkay, aur Jerusalem ki woh aath pehlu wali gumbad-dar imarat jo Qubbat al-Sakhra (Dome of the Rock) kehlati hai.

Ibtidai zindagi

Britannica ke mutabiq Abd al-Malik 646 ya 647 mein Madina mein paida hue. Un ke walid Marwan bin Hakam (Marwan ibn al-Hakam) baad mein 684 se 685 tak chauthe Umayyad khalifa rahe. Abd al-Malik ne apni zindagi ka pehla nisf hissa walid ke sath Madina mein guzara aur wahin Taleem payi. Britannica ke mutabiq solah baras ki umar mein unhein intezami zimmedariyan mil gayi thin. Woh 683 tak Madina mein rahe, jis ke baad walid ke sath Sham chale gaye.

Takht nashini

685 mein walid Marwan ki wafat ke baad Abd al-Malik khalifa bane aur Damascus hi un ka daral-hukumat raha.

Arabi, sarkari daftar ki zaban

German mauarrikh Julius Wellhausen (Julius Wellhausen) ke mutabiq Damascus ke sarkari daftar mein khate Yunani zaban mein aur Kufa mein Farsi mein rakhe jate the. Abd al-Malik ne faisla kiya ke daftar ka sara kaam Arabi mein ho. Wellhausen, qadeem mauarrikh Baladhuri ke hawale se, likhte hain ke Damascus mein yeh kaam Sulaiman bin Saad ko saunpa gaya, jinhon ne ek saal mein isay mukammal kar diya, aur inaam mein unhein ek saal ke liye Jordan ke ilaqe ka zameeni mahsool mila, jo ek lakh assi hazar dinar tha.

Encyclopaedia Iranica ke mutabiq Iraq mein yeh tabdeeli 697 mein amal mein aayi, jab governor Hajjaj bin Yusuf ne Sistan ke ek Farsi munshi Salih bin Abdul Rahman ki technical madad se daftar ko Arabi mein muntaqil kiya. Iranica yeh bhi batata hai ke yeh amal achanak nahin balke batadrij hua, aur Khorasan jaise door ke subon mein Farsi ki jagah Arabi Umayyad daur ke taqriban aakhir mein aayi.

Wellhausen ke mutabiq is tabdeeli mein sirf zaban badli thi; hisab ka purana nizam wahi raha, aur jo purane ahalkar Arabi jante the woh apne ohdon par barqarar rahe.

Sikkay aur maliyat

Abd al-Malik se pehle saltanat mein zyada tar Byzantine sonay ke sikkay aur Sasani Iran ke chandi ke sikkay chalte the. British mauarrikh William Muir (William Muir) ke mutabiq Abd al-Malik ne Damascus mein ek shahi taksal qayam ki, jahan sonay ke dinar aur chandi ke dirham dhalay jane lage.

Is islah ke aghaz ki tareekh par qadeem rivayat mukhtalif hain. Wellhausen ke mutabiq Baladhuri likhta hai ke sonay ke sikkay Damascus mein 74 Hijri mein aur chandi ke sikkay Kufa mein 75 Hijri ke aakhir mein banna shuru hue, jabke Waqidi is ka saal 76 Hijri batata hai. Ibtidai barson ke kuch dinaron par khalifa ki khari tasweer bhi bani hoti thi.

Phir 77 Hijri, yani 696-697 mein ek naya aur mustaqil namuna samne aaya. Qatar Museum ke record ke mutabiq is saal Abd al-Malik ne sikkon par har qism ki tasweer khatam kar di, aur naye sikkon par sirf Arabi tehriren reh gayin jin mein sikke ki qism, saal aur kabhi kabhi taksal ka naam darj hota tha. Harvard ke ek record mein darj 77 Hijri ke dinar ka wazan 4.25 gram hai aur is ke kinare par likha hai ke yeh dinar 77 ke saal mein dhala gaya. In dinaron par taksal ka naam nahin hota tha, magar Qatar Museum ke mutabiq khayal yahi hai ke yeh Damascus mein bane.

Dak ka nizam

Umayyad hukumat sarkari khutoot aur khabren daral-hukumat tak pahunchane ke liye ek dak ka nizam chalati thi jise "Barid" kaha jata tha. Iranica ke mutabiq Umayyad daur mein Barid ka alag daftar Muawiya ke zamane mein qayam ho chuka tha, jabke Metropolitan Museum of Art ki ek numaish ke taaruf mein Abd al-Malik ko dak ka nizam aur Damascus par mabni ek muttahid currency qayam karne wala hukmran bataya gaya hai. Yun kaha ja sakta hai ke Barid pehle se maujood tha aur Abd al-Malik ke daur mein isay mazeed munazzam kiya gaya.

Mashhoor mustashriq Clifford Edmund Bosworth (C. E. Bosworth) Iranica mein likhte hain ke Barid ke harkare khachron, ghoron ya onton par, ya paidal safar karte the aur sarkari dak Damascus ke markazi daftar tak pahunchate the, jabke niji khutoot sirf istisnai surat mein le jaye jate the.

Tameerat: Qubbat al-Sakhra

Abd al-Malik ke daur ki sab se mashhoor imarat Jerusalem ki Qubbat al-Sakhra hai. Britannica ke mutabiq imarat ke andar ek katba is ki tameer ko 72 Hijri, yani 691-692 se mansoob karta hai, aur isi ko aam tor par is ki takmeel ka saal mana jata hai. Britannica isay Islami fan-e-tameer ki sab se purani maujood yadgar qarar deta hai.

Imarat ka naqsha aath pehlu, yani hasht pehlu hai. Britannica ke mutabiq is ke beech mein lakdi ka ek sunehra gumbad hai jis ka qutr taqriban 20 meter hai. Yeh gumbad ek unche dhol-numa hisse par qayam hai, jo 16 sutunon aur payon ke daire par tika hai. Is daire ke gird 24 sutunon aur payon ki ek hasht pehlu rahdari hai. Bahar ki deewaren bhi hasht pehlu hain aur har deewar taqriban 18 meter chauri aur 11 meter unchi hai, jabke gumbad aur deewaron donon mein bahut si khirkiyan hain.

Andar aur bahar sang-e-marmar, pachi kari (mosaic) aur dhat ki takhtiyan lagayi gayin. Britannica ke mutabiq yeh mosaic technique mein Byzantine imaraton jaise hain, magar in mein kisi insan ya janwar ki tasweer nahin; in ki jagah bail boote, Arabi tehrir aur jawahirat o tajon ki shaklen banayi gayi hain. Imarat ka bunyadi dhancha aaj tak mehfooz hai, albatta arayish kayi bar badli. Solahwin sadi mein Ottoman sultan Suleiman awwal ne bahar ke mosaic ki jagah rangeen cheeni ki tiles lagwayin, aur beeswin sadi mein gumbad par sonay ka naya ghilaf charhaya gaya.

Wafat

Britannica ke mutabiq qadeem maakhiz Abd al-Malik ko khush bayan aur shair ka diladah batate hain, jo hukumat ke tamam muamlat ki khud nigrani karte the.

Wellhausen ke mutabiq Abd al-Malik ka intiqal Damascus mein 14 Shawwal 86 Hijri, yani 9 October 705 ko hua. Qadeem rivayat un ki umar 58 se 63 baras ke darmiyan batati hain, aur Wellhausen ne saath baras ko tarjeeh di hai. Britannica ke mutabiq unhon ne apne teen beton, Walid, Suleiman aur Yazid ko bari bari janasheen namzad kiya tha, aur un ke baad bare bete Walid baghair kisi mushkil ke khalifa bane.

Wirsa

Wellhausen likhte hain ke Abd al-Malik ko "badshahon ka baap" kaha jata hai, kyunke un ke char bete, Walid, Suleiman, Yazid sani aur Hisham, un ke baad khalifa bane, aur baad ke Umayyad khulafa mein se sirf do un ki barah-e-rast aulad nahin the.

Un ke daur ki teen nishaniyan aaj bhi maujood hain: Arabi bator daftari zaban ki rivayat; sirf tehrir wale dinar, jin ke namune duniya ke bare ajaib gharon mein mehfooz hain; aur Jerusalem ki hasht pehlu gumbad-dar imarat, jo terah sadiyon baad bhi apne asal dhanchay ke sath khari hai.