Amerigo Vespucci: “Nayi Duniya” ka naam

Duniya ka aik poora nisf kura aik aise shakhs ke naam se pukara jata hai jo pesha ke lihaz se malah nahin balke aik banker tha. Florence ka Amerigo Vespucci (Amerigo Vespucci) 1501 mein Portugal ke teen jahazon ke sath junubi America ke sahil par gaya, aur wapas aa kar us ne jo khat likha us ka aik jumla bohat mashhoor hua: yeh ilaqe "hum baja taur par aik nayi duniya keh sakte hain." Chhe baras baad France ke aik chhote se qasbe mein chand aalimon ne isi khat ki bunyad par aik bara naqsha banaya aur is nayi zameen ka naam "America" likh diya.

Florence ka saudagar

William Brooks Greenlee (William Brooks Greenlee) Hakluyt Society ki 1938 ki jild mein likhte hain ke Vespucci ko jughrafiye aur kainat ke ilm (cosmography) se gehri dilchaspi thi. Woh chalis baras ki umar mein Florence ke mashhoor Medici (Medici) khandan ke karobar ki numainday ke liye Spain ke shehar Seville gaya tha.

Greenlee ke mutabiq 1500 mein Cabral ke beray se Brazil ki khabar milne par Portugal ne is sahil ki mazeed khoj ke liye naya beyra bhejne ka faisla kiya aur Vespucci ko bulaya. May 1501 ke shuru mein woh teen jahazon ke sath Lisbon se rawana hua. Portugali muarrikh Duarte Galvao (Duarte Galvao) ke hawale se Greenlee batate hain ke is beray ka salar ghaliban Goncalo Coelho (Goncalo Coelho) tha, aur Vespucci us ke sath badshah ya Italvi saudagaron ke numainday ke taur par gaya hoga.

Cape Verde mein aik ittefaqi mulaqat

Vespucci ka safar us ke naam se chapne wale khat "Mundus Novus" (Mundus Novus) yaani "nayi duniya" mein bayan hua hai, jo Florence ke Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de Medici ke naam likha gaya. George Tyler Northup (George Tyler Northup) ke 1916 ke angrezi tarjume ke mutabiq beyra 14 May 1501 ko Lisbon se nikla, Jazair-e-Canary se hota hua Africa ke sahil ke sath Cape Verde pahuncha jise wahan ke log "Besiguiche" kehte the.

Yahin aik dilchasp ittefaq hua. Greenlee ke mutabiq Besiguiche ki bandargah par Vespucci ko Cabral ke beray ke do jahaz mile jo Hindustan se wapas aa rahe the. Vespucci ne un ke amle se Hindustan ke safar ka haal suna aur 4 June 1501 ko wahin se Florence ko aik khat likha jis mein Hindustan ke bohat se shehron aur bandargahon ke naam darj hain.

Chawalis din ka toofan

"Mundus Novus" ke mutabiq Cape Verde se rawana hone ke baad do mahine aur teen din tak koi zameen nazar na aayi. Vespucci likhta hai: "Hamare safar ke sarsath dinon mein se chawalis din musalsal barish, garaj aur bijli rahi, itna andhera ke na din ko sooraj dikhai deta tha na raat ko saaf aasman." Malah zindagi se taqriban mayoos ho chuke the ke zameen nazar aayi. 7 August 1501 ko beyra is sahil ke samne langar andaz hua.

Vespucci ko yaqeen tha ke yeh koi jazeera nahin balke barr-e-azam hai, kyunke sahil bohat lamba aur seedha chala jata tha aur abadi be shumar thi. Beyra taqriban teen sau farsang sahil ke sath chala yahan tak ke aik mor aaya jahan se sahil junub ki taraf mur gaya. Wahan se woh taqriban chhe sau farsang aur junub ki taraf gaye. Vespucci ke mutabiq woh khat-e-jadi (Tropic of Capricorn) se aage nikal gaye, yahan tak ke junubi qutb ufaq se pachas darje buland dikhai dene laga.

Vespucci fakhr se likhta hai ke rasta us ke ilm se mila, kyunke woh quadrant (quadrant) aur astrolabe (astrolabe) se sitaron ki bulandi naap sakta tha.

Nayi zameen aur junubi aasman

"Mundus Novus" mein zameen ka naqsha yun khencha gaya hai: pahariyan, wasi waadiyan, bare darya, thande chashme aur aise ghane jungle jin mein se guzarna taqriban namumkin tha. Darakht baghair kasht ke bohat bare ho jate. Vespucci likhta hai ke wahan ke tooton aur dusre parindon ki itni qismein hain ke Roomi aalim Pliny (Pliny) ne un ka hazarwan hissa bhi bayan nahin kiya.

Use sab se ziyada dilchaspi aasman se thi. Woh likhta hai ke junubi qutb ke gird shimali aasman ke Dubb-e-Akbar aur Dubb-e-Asghar jaisa koi numayan jhurmut nahin, magar kehkashan mein chamakte sitaron ke kayi giroh aur aik bohat bara "siyah Canopus" dikhai deta hai. Woh yeh bhi likhta hai ke aadhi raat ke qareeb do baar aik safed qos-e-quzah dekhi gayi, aur yeh sirf us ne nahin balke sab malahon ne dekhi.

Galvao ke hawale se Greenlee ke mutabiq yeh beyra September 1502 mein Portugal wapas pahuncha.

1507 ka naqsha aur "America"

American Library of Congress (Library of Congress) ke mahir-e-naqsha John Hebert (John Hebert) ne 2003 mein likha ke mashriqi France ke qasbe Saint-Die (Saint-Die) mein aalimon ka aik chhota sa halqa tha jis mein German naqsha nawees Martin Waldseemuller (Martin Waldseemuller) shamil tha. 1507 ki bahar mein is halqe ne duniya ka aik bara naqsha, aik chhote globe ke tukre, aur naqshe ke sath parhne ke liye aik kitab "Cosmographiae Introductio" (Cosmographiae Introductio) shaya ki. Naqshe ka poora naam tha: "Batlimus ki riwayat aur Amerigo Vespucci aur dusron ke safaron ke mutabiq poori zameen ka naqsha".

Hebert ke mutabiq yeh naqsha lakri ke thappon se barah alag alag sheeton par chhapa gaya tha, aur jorne par char fut se ziyada uncha aur aath fut se ziyada lamba banta tha. Yeh pehli dastavez hai jis par "America" ka naam aaya, aur pehla naqsha jis mein maghribi nisf kura aik alag barr-e-azam ke taur par aur Pacific aik alag samundar ke taur par dikhaya gaya.

Sath ki kitab mein naam rakhne ki wajah yun likhi hai: duniya ka chautha hissa Amerigo Vespucci ne daryaft kiya hai, aur "main nahin dekhta ke koi kyun roke ke use us ke daryaft karne wale, zaheen aadmi Amerigo ke naam par 'Amerige' yaani Amerigo ki zameen, ya 'America' kaha jaye, jab ke Europe aur Asia donon ne apne naam auraton se paye hain."

Hebert likhte hain ke yeh qabil-e-zikr hai ke aik poora nisf kura aik zinda shakhs ke naam par rakha gaya; Vespucci 1512 mein faut hua. Waldseemuller ne khud 1513 aur 1516 ke apne naqshon se yeh naam hata diya, magar German globe saz Johannes Schoner (Johannes Schoner) ne 1515 mein aur Peter Apian (Peter Apian) ne 1520 mein ise istemal kiya, aur yun yeh naam raij ho gaya.

Is naqshe ki aik hazar copiyan chhapne ki riwayat hai, magar sirf aik bachi, jo Schoner ke kaghazat ke sath Germany ke Wolfegg (Wolfegg) qile mein mehfooz rahi. Library of Congress ne May 2003 mein yeh wahid nuskha khareed liya, aur yeh aaj Washington mein us ki Thomas Jefferson imarat mein rakha hai.

Kitne safar, kaun se khat?

Vespucci ke safaron ki tadad aur us ke naam se chapne wale khaton ki asliyat par muhaqqiqin mein taweel bahas rahi hai: "Mundus Novus" mein woh is safar ko apna teesra safar kehta hai, aik aur chhapa hua khat char safaron ka zikr karta hai jinhein Hebert "mubayyina" likhte hain, aur Greenlee ke mutabiq in chhape hue khaton ki zubaan Vespucci ke niji khaton ki zubaan se mukhtalif hai aur mumkin hai ke yeh aam qarieen ke liye kahin aur chhape gaye hon. Rawangi ki tareekh mein bhi farq hai: Galvao March 1501 likhta hai aur "Mundus Novus" 14 May.

Agli qist: Piri Reis ka naqsha.