Carpini aur Rubruck: Europe ke do darvesh Mongol darbar mein

Terhwin sadi ke wasat mein Chengiz Khan ki aulad ka ghora ek taraf China tak aur doosri taraf Hungary aur Poland tak daur raha tha. Europe ke badshahon aur Pope ko yeh tak maloom na tha ke yeh log kaun hain, kahan se aaye hain aur un ka hukmran kaun hai. Is sawal ka jawab lane ke liye do Franciscan darvesh, pehle Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (Giovanni da Pian del Carpine) aur phir William of Rubruck (William of Rubruck), hazaron meel ka safar tay kar ke Mongolia ke maidanon tak pohanche. In donon ke safarnamay Marco Polo se kai baras pehle likhe gaye aur Europe ko Mongolon ke baare mein pehli aankhon dekhi maloomat inhi se milin.

Pope ka khat aur Lyons se rawangi

Amriki safarkar aur muhaqqiq William Woodville Rockhill (W. W. Rockhill) ne 1900 mein Hakluyt Society (Hakluyt Society) ke liye in donon safarnamon ka angrezi tarjuma shaya kiya. Un ke taaruf ke mutabiq Pope Innocent IV (Innocent IV) 1243 mein Pope bane aur unhon ne Mongolon ke paas kai wafd bhejne ka faisla kiya. In mein sab se kamyab wafd Carpini ka tha.

Carpini 16 April 1245 ko France ke shehar Lyons (Lyons) se nikle. Wikipedia ke mutabiq woh Italy ke ilaqe Umbria ke rehne wale the. Raste mein Poland se ek aur darvesh Benedict (Benedict of Poland) un ke sath tarjuman ke taur par shamil ho gaye. Ek Russi shehzade ke mashware par unhon ne Mongol sardaron ke tohfon ke liye ood bilao ki khalen kharidin.

Barf par safar aur Batu Khan ka padao

Carpini 4 February 1246 ko Kiev (Kiev) se aage barhe. Woh khud likhte hain ke kai din tak woh Dnieper darya ki jami hui barf par chalte rahe. Rockhill ke mutabiq Carpini pehle maghribi musannif hain jinhon ne Dnieper, Don aur Volga daryaon ko inhi namon se pukara.

Volga darya ke kinare unhein Mongol sipah salar Batu Khan (Batu) ke padao mein pesh kiya gaya. Batu ne Pope ka khat parhwaya aur unhein aage, Mongolia mein khan-e-azam ke paas bhej diya. Easter ke din, 8 April 1246 ko, woh do Mongol rehbaron ke sath rawana hue. Carpini likhte hain ke woh itne kamzor ho chuke the ke ghore par baithna mushkil tha, kyunke rozon ke poore Mausam mein un ki ghiza sirf namak mila bajra aur pani rahi thi.

Guyuk Khan ki takht nashini

22 July 1246 ko yeh wafd Mongolia mein us azeem khaima gah tak pohancha jise Mongol "Sira Orda" kehte the. Rockhill ke hashiye ke mutabiq yeh jagah Karakorum (Karakorum) se aadhe din ki masafat par thi. Yahan Mongol sardar naye khan-e-azam ka intikhab karne jama the. Carpini ne ek safed khaima dekha jo un ke andaze mein do hazar se zyada admiyon ki gunjaish rakhta tha. Woh likhte hain ke wahan Russia ke ek shehzade, Georgia ke do shehzadon, Baghdad ke khalifa ke safir aur kai sultanon samet char hazar se zyada safir aur numainde mojood the.

Takht nashini olay bari ke bais kuch din multavi rahi aur akhir 24 August 1246 ko Guyuk Khan (Guyuk) ko shahi nashist par bithaya gaya aur sardaron ne ghutne tek kar salami di. 11 November ko khan ke munshiyon ne Pope ke naam jawab ka ek ek lafz Carpini ko samjhaya. Carpini ne is ka latini tarjuma kiya aur khat ek aur zabaan mein bhi likha gaya jise Carpini "Sarseni" (yaani arabi ya farsi rasm-ul-khat) kehte hain, taake Europe mein koi ise parh sake.

13 November ko wapsi shuru hui. 9 June 1247 ko Carpini aur Benedict Kiev pohanche aur isi saal khizan mein Lyons wapas aa kar Pope ko khan ka jawab pesh kiya. Carpini ne Mongolon ki tareekh aur rasm-o-riwaj par jo kitab likhi, woh Wikipedia ke mutabiq shimali aur wasti Asia ke baare mein maghrib ki pehli aham tehreer samjhi jati hai.

Rubruck: badshah Louis ka elchi

Rockhill ke mutabiq Carpini jab 1248 ke aghaz mein Paris gaye to France ke badshah Louis IX (Louis IX) ke darbar mein ek Franciscan darvesh William bhi mojood tha jo French Flanders ke gaon Rubruck ka rehne wala tha. Rockhill ka khayal hai ke William ne ghaliban wahin in donon musafiron se un ka qissa suna.

Chand baras baad Rubruck khud isi raste par nikle. Woh likhte hain ke 7 May 1253 ko woh Constantinople se Black Sea mein dakhil hue aur Crimea ki bandargah Soldaia (Soldaia) par utre. Wahan se woh Batu ke bete Sartaq, phir Volga par khud Batu ke paas gaye, aur aakhirkar 27 December 1253 ko khan-e-azam Mongke Khan (Mongke) ki khaima gah mein pohanche. Mongke Khan ke hukm par woh darbar ke sath 1254 ke Mausam-e-bahar mein Karakorum aaye.

Karakorum ki pehli tasveer

Rubruck ne Karakorum ka jo haal likha woh is shehar ka pehla maghribi bayan hai. Un ke baqaul shahi mahal ko chhor kar yeh shehar Paris ke qareeb Saint Denis ke qasbe jitna bhi nahin tha. Is ke do mohalle the: ek mein Musalman tajiron ke bazar the, doosre mein Chini karigar rehte the. Shehar mein mukhtalif qaumon ke barah mandir, do masjiden aur ek girja tha. Gird mitti ki faseel thi jis ke char darwaze the: mashriqi darwaze par ghalla, maghribi par bher bakriyan, janubi par bail aur gariyan aur shimali par ghore bikte the. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Karakorum 1235 se 1263 tak Mongol saltanat ka daral hukumat raha.

Rubruck ko Karakorum mein Paris ka ek karigar William Buchier (William Buchier) mila jo qaidi ban kar yahan pohancha tha. Is ne khan ke mahal ke liye chandi ka ek bara darakht banaya tha jis ki jaron mein chandi ke char sher the aur is ki shakhon se mukhtalif mashrubat behte the.

July 1254 mein Rubruck wapas rawana hue, Caspian Sea ke maghrib se, Derbent, Armenia aur Anatolia hote hue 15 August 1255 ko Tripoli (Tripoli) pohanche, jahan se unhon ne badshah ke naam apna tawil khat likha.

Jughrafiye ko kya mila?

Rockhill ke mutabiq Rubruck ne Don aur Volga daryaon ka sahih bahao bataya, yeh wazeh kiya ke Caspian Sea samundar ki khaleej nahin balke ek band jheel hai, aur pehli baar "Cathay" (shimali China) ko qadeem Yunaniyon ki "Seres", yaani resham ki sarzameen, qarar diya. Unhon ne Korea ka pehla maghribi zikr kiya aur yeh bhi likha ke China ka aam sikka rooi ke kaghaz ka note hai aur wahan ke log musawwiron jaise brush se likhte hain.

Rockhill ke baqaul arab jughrafiya dan, masalan Ibn Hawqal, daswin sadi hi mein jante the ke Caspian ek jheel hai, magar Europe is se bekhabar tha. Yun in do darveshon ke safar ne Europe aur Asia ke darmiyan ilm ka woh darwaza khola jis se chand baras baad Marco Polo guzra.

Agli qist: Marco Polo: Venice se Kublai Khan ke darbar tak.