Hanno: Carthage ka Ameer-ul-Bahr aur Africa ka Maghribi Sahil

Saath jahaz, tees hazar mard aur auratein, aur un ke saath gandum aur rasad. Yeh kisi jangi beray ki nahin balkeh nayi bastiyan basane wale ek qafle ki tafseel hai jo taqriban dhai hazar saal pehle shimali Africa ke shehar Carthage (Carthage) se nikla, Jabal-ul-Tariq se guzar kar Bahr-e-Atlas mein dakhil hua aur Africa ke maghribi sahil ke saath junoob ki taraf chalta gaya. Is ka salar Hanno (Hanno) tha, aur is ka safarnama, jo sirf chand safhon ka hai, duniya ke mashhoor tareen qadeem safarnamon mein se hai.

Pas manzar: Carthage aur sone ki tijarat

Carthage aaj ke Tunisia ke qareeb Phoenicians ki basayi hui basti thi jo rafta rafta Bahira-e-Room ki ek bari tijarati taqat ban gayi. Herodotus, jis ka zikr is silsile mein bar bar aata hai, Carthage walon se suni hui ek baat likhta hai: Hercules ke sutunon se bahar Africa ke ek sahil par woh apna maal kinare par saja kar jahazon mein wapas chale jate aur dhuan karte. Maqami log aa kar maal ke badle sona rakh dete aur peechay hat jate. Agar sona kafi hota to Carthagi use utha kar chale jate, warna jahazon mein baithe intezar karte yahan tak ke sona barha diya jata. Herodotus ke baqaul is lain dain mein koi fareeq doosre ke saath beimani nahin karta tha. Is se andaza hota hai ke Carthage ke liye yeh sahil kitna aham tha.

Safarnamay ki kahani

Hanno ka safarnama ek Yunani tarjumay ki soorat mein bacha hai jise "Periplus" (Periplus) yaani sahili safarnama kaha jata hai. Amriki mohaqiq Wilfred Schoff (Wilfred H. Schoff) ke 1912 ke angrezi tarjumay mein is ka unwan yun hai: "Carthagiyon ke badshah Hanno ka safar, Hercules ke sutunon se paray Libya ke ilaqon ki taraf, jise us ne Baal ke mandir mein bhi nasb kiya". World History Encyclopedia mein Mark Cartwright (Mark Cartwright) likhte hain ke asal tehreer Punic zaban mein ek yadgari takhti par thi, aur Yunani tarjuma sirf ek qurun-e-wusta ke makhtootay mein mehfooz hai jo aaj Germany ki Heidelberg University ke kutub khanay mein hai. Schoff ke mutabiq yeh matan pehli baar 1533 mein Switzerland ke shehar Basel se chhapa.

Safar: bastiyan aur hathi

Matan ke mutabiq Carthage walon ne faisla kiya ke Hanno Hercules ke sutunon se bahar ja kar bastiyan basaye. Woh pachas chappuon wale saath jahaz aur taqriban tees hazar mard o aurat le kar nikla. Sutunon se do din aagay unhon ne pehla shehar Thymiaterium (Thymiaterium) basaya. Phir Soloeis (Soloeis) nami jungle se dhaki raas par samandar ke devta ke naam qurbangah banayi. Aagay ek daldal mili jis mein unchay sarkanday thay aur hathi aur doosre jungli janwar bari tadad mein char rahe thay. Is se aagay unhon ne sahil par paanch aur bastiyan aabad kin.

Phir woh Lixus (Lixus) nami bare dariya par pohanche jahan khana badosh Lixiti log apne revar charate thay. Hanno ke log kuch din un ke saath rahe aur dosti ho gayi, aur yahin se unhon ne tarjuman saath liye. Is ke baad barah din ek weeran sahil ke saath junoob ki taraf safar kar ke ek khaleej mein ek chhota jazeera mila jis ka ghera pandrah Stadia tha. Unhon ne use aabad kiya aur is ka naam Cerne (Cerne) rakha. Hanno ka hisab tha ke Carthage se sutunon tak aur sutunon se Cerne tak ka safar barabar hai, is liye Cerne Carthage ke muqabil hai.

Aag ke sahil aur "devtaon ka rath"

Cerne se aagay ek jheel ke kinare janwaron ki khalein pehne logon ne pathar mar kar unhein utarne na diya. Phir ek bohat bara aur chora dariya aaya jo magarmachhon aur dariyayi ghoron se bhara tha. Schoff ke tarjumay ke hawashi mein ise Dariya-e-Senegal qarar diya gaya hai.

Aagay ka safar zyada purasrar hai. Khushboodar lakri wale jungalon se dhaki pahar aaye. Raat ko sahil par har taraf aag ke shole dikhayi dete, kabhi barey kabhi chhotay. "Maghrib ka seeng" nami khaleej ke ek jazeeray par din mein sirf jungle nazar aaya, magar raat ko aag jalti dikhayi di aur bansuriyon, jhanjhon aur dholon ki awaz aur bara shor sunayi diya. Hanno likhta hai ke "hum par khauf tari ho gaya", aur najoomiyon ne jazeera fauran chhorne ko kaha.

Is ke baad woh ek jalte hue, khushboo se bhare ilaqay ke paas se guzray jahan se aag ki dharein samandar ki taraf beh rahi thin aur garmi ki wajah se kinare tak pohanchna mumkin na tha. Char din baad raat ko sari zameen sholon se dhaki dikhayi di, aur beech mein ek aag baqi sab se unchi thi jo goya sitaron ko chhoo rahi thi. Din mein maloom hua ke yeh ek bohat uncha pahar hai jise "devtaon ka rath" kaha jata tha.

"Gorillai" aur wapsi

Teen din aur safar kar ke woh "Junoob ka seeng" nami khaleej pohanche. Wahan ek jazeeray ki jheel mein ek aur jazeera tha jis par aise log thay jin ke jism balon se dhake thay, aur tarjumanon ne unhein "Gorillai" (Gorillai) kaha. Mard pathar phenkte hue chataanon par charh kar bach nikle, magar teen auratein pakri gayin jinhon ne kata aur nocha aur saath chalne se inkar kiya; mallahon ne unhein maar kar un ki khalein Carthage pohanchayin. Hanno ka aakhri jumla hai: "Hum is se aagay nahin gaye, kyunkeh rasad khatam ho rahi thi."

Cartwright ke mutabiq Roomi musannif Pliny (Pliny) likhta hai ke yeh khalein Carthage ke ek mandir mein rakhi gayin. Yeh log asal mein kaun thay, insan ya kisi qism ke ban manas, yeh yaqeen se nahin kaha ja sakta. Albatta online etymology dictionary ke mutabiq 1847 mein Amriki missionary Thomas Savage (Thomas Savage) ne Africa ke ek bare ban manas ka naam isi matan se le kar "gorilla" rakha.

Hanno kahan tak gaya?

Safar ki tareekh maloom nahin. Schoff unneesvin sadi ke British mohaqiq Bunbury (Bunbury) ka qaul naqal karte hain ke yeh taqriban 520 BC ya taqriban 470 BC ka ho sakta hai, aur Cartwright ise chhati sadi qabl masih ke aakhir se taqriban 425 BC ke darmiyan rakhte hain.

Hanno kitni door gaya, yeh is safarnamay ka sab se bara sawal hai aur mohaqqiqeen aaj bhi is par muttafiq nahin: kuch ke nazdeek woh Sierra Leone tak pohancha, doosron ke nazdeek Cameroon ya Gabon tak, aur "devtaon ka rath" ko koi Guinea ka Kakulima (Kakulima) pahar samajhta hai to koi Cameroon ka aatish fishan. Cartwright likhte hain ke chhotay raastay ke hamiyon ki daleel yeh hai ke matan mein diye gaye dinon mein itna door jana mushkil tha, magar is soorat mein bhi sirf jane ka safar taqriban paanch hazar kilometre banta hai. Woh Italvi muarrikh Moscati (Moscati) ki yeh raye bhi naqal karte hain ke matan ki jughrafiyayi ghaltiyan shayad jaan boojh kar rakhi gayin taake doosre saudagar Carthage ke tijarati raston tak na pohanch saken.

Ahmiyat

Hanno ka safarnama maghribi Africa ke sahil ke qadeem tareen tehreeri bayanat mein se hai. Is mein hathiyon se bhari daldalein, magarmachhon wale dariya, raat ko jalti aag aur dholon ki awazein hain, aur ek aisa pahar jis ki aag sitaron ko chhoti thi. Schoff ke naqal kardah Bunbury ke mutabiq is mukhtasar matan par shayad hi kisi aur qadeem tehreer jitni taweel sharhein likhi gayin; in mein sab se purani 1550 mein Italvi murattib Ramusio (Ramusio) ne shamil ki, jo Portuguese zaraye par mabni thi, kyunkeh jadeed daur mein in sahilon tak sab se pehle Portuguese mallah hi pohanche thay. Qadeem duniya ki yeh muhimmat, Misr se Punt, Phoenicians ka Africa ka chakkar, Scylax ka Sindh ka safar aur Hanno ka maghribi sahil, qadeem duniya ke naqshay ki pehli lakeerein thin. Agli qist mein hum is musafir se milenge jis ne in mein se kai kahaniyan pehli baar ek kitab mein jama kin.

Agli qist: Herodotus: Tareekh ka baap, jo khud safar kar ke sawal poochta tha.