Bartolomeu Dias: Ras-e-Umeed ka chakkar

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 8 minute ka mutalia

1488 ke shuru mein teen Portuguese jahaz Africa ke maghribi sahil par janoob ki taraf barh rahe the ke tufanon ki wajah se unhein sahil chhor kar khule samandar mein janoob ki taraf jana pada. Kai din baad jab woh dobara zameen ki taraf mudre to sahil wahan nahin tha jahan hona chahiye tha. Unhein shimal ki taraf ja kar zameen mili, aur tab pata chala ke woh Africa ke janoobi sire ka chakkar laga chuke hain, ise dekhe baghair. Is bede ka salar Bartolomeu Dias (Bartolomeu Dias) tha.

Pas-e-manzar: pathar ke sutoon

Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq Dias ki ibtidai zindagi ke baare mein taqriban kuch maloom nahin; woh ghaliban 1450 ke lagbhag paida hua, aur shahi gharane ka ek “squire” tha, jo koi bara ohda nahin tha.

1434 mein Cape Bojador ke ubur ke baad Portuguese mallah sahil ke sath sath barabar janoob ki taraf barhte rahe. Britannica ke mutabiq 1474 mein badshah Afonso panjum ne yeh kaam apne bete shehzada Joao ke supurd kiya, jo 1481 mein badshah Joao dom bana aur us ne hukm diya ke Africa ki janoobi hadd maloom ki jaye. Mallahon ko “padrao” (padrao) nami pathar ke sutoon diye jate the jo woh nai jagahon par nasb karte the. In mein se ek captain Diogo Cao (Diogo Cao) darya-e-Congo tak pahuncha aur phir Angola ke sahil ke sath janoob mein taqriban 22 darje arz balad tak gaya. Is ke baad badshah ne nai muhim Dias ke supurd ki.

Teen jahaz

Britannica ke mutabiq Dias ke bede mein teen jahaz the: us ka apna jahaz “Sao Cristovao” (Sao Cristovao), us ke sathi Joao Infante ka “Sao Pantaleao” (Sao Pantaleao), aur rasad ka ek jahaz jis ka captain Dias ka bhai Pero tha (baaz maakhiz mein us ka naam Diogo hai). Amle mein us zamane ke behtareen pilot shamil the, jin mein Pero de Alenquer (Pero de Alenquer) aur Joao de Santiago bhi the jo pehle Cao ke sath safar kar chuke the.

Rawangi ki tareekh par ikhtilaf hai. Solahvin sadi ka Portuguese muarrikh Joao de Barros (Joao de Barros) likhta hai ke Dias August 1486 mein rawana hua aur solah mahine satrah din bahar raha. Magar Britannica ke mutabiq us zamane ke do dusre log, Duarte Pacheco Pereira (Duarte Pacheco Pereira) aur Christopher Columbus, us ki wapsi December 1488 mein batate hain, is liye ab aam taur par mana jata hai ke woh August 1487 mein rawana hua tha. Hakluyt Society ke tarjume mein George Kimble (George Kimble) likhte hain ke 1488 ki tareekh ki taeed Columbus ke hath ke likhe do hashiyon se bhi hoti hai, aur yeh ke Pacheco ne taqriban 1505 mein likha jabke Barros taqriban 1550 mein.

Ras ko dekhe baghair

Britannica ke mutabiq Dias Cao ke aakhri sutoon se aage nikla, 4 December ko “Saint Barbara ki zameen”, 8 December ko Walvis Bay aur 26 December ko aaj ki Elizabeth Bay pahuncha. 6 January 1488 ke baad tufanon ne use sahil ke sath aage na barhne diya aur woh kai din zameen se ojhal janoob ki taraf chalta raha. Jab woh mashriq ki taraf mura to koi zameen nazar na aai, aur sirf shimal ki taraf jane par 3 February ko sahil dikhai diya. Yun woh ras ko dekhe baghair us ka chakkar laga chuka tha.

Jis khalij mein woh pahunche us ka naam “Angra de Sao Bras” (Saint Blaise ki khalij) rakha gaya, kyunke woh din isi ke naam se mansoob tha, aur wahan milne wale maweshi charane walon ki wajah se ise “Gwalon ki khalij” bhi kaha gaya. Hakluyt Society ke liye Vasco da Gama ke safar ka roznamcha murattab karne wale E. G. Ravenstein (E. G. Ravenstein) ke mutabiq yeh aaj ki Mossel Bay (Mossel Bay) hai.

Mallahon ka faisla

Dias mashriq ki taraf barhta hua aaj ki Algoa Bay tak pahuncha. Britannica ke mutabiq yahan amla aage jane par razi na tha. Dias ne apne tamam afsaron ki raye baqaida likhwai, aur sab ne mutafiqa taur par wapsi ke haq mein raye di. Akhir woh sirf chand din aur aage jane par razi hue aur ek darya tak pahunche jis ka naam Sao Pantaleao ke pilot ke naam par “Rio do Infante” rakha gaya; yeh aaj Janubi Africa ka darya-e-Great Fish (Great Fish River) hai. Tez dharon ke samne Dias ko lautna pada.

Nau baras baad jab Vasco da Gama ke jahaz isi sahil se guzre to un ke roznamche mein likha gaya ke “Fleet Islands se Dias ke nasb kiye hue aakhri sutoon tak panch league hain, aur is sutoon se Rio do Infante tak pandrah league”. Britannica ke mutabiq Dias ka ek sutoon, “Sao Gregorio”, 1938 mein darya-e-Great Fish se taqriban 48 kilometre pehle ek jazire se mila.

“Achhi umeed” ki ras

Wapsi par, May 1488 mein, Dias ne aakhirkar woh ras dekhi jis ka woh dekhe baghair chakkar laga aya tha. Us ke naam ke baare mein do riwayatein hain. Barros ke mutabiq Dias ne ise “tufanon ki ras” kaha aur badshah Joao dom ne us ka naam badal kar “Ras-e-Umeed” (Cape of Good Hope) rakha. Magar Duarte Pacheco Pereira, jo wapsi mein Principe ke jazire par Dias se mila tha, apni kitab “Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis” mein likhta hai ke Dias ne khud yeh naam rakha: jab us ne dekha ke yahan sahil shimal aur shimal mashriq ki taraf mur raha hai, “jis se Hindustan ki daryaft ki bari umeed paida hui”, to us ne ise “Achhi umeed ki ras” kaha. Britannica ke mutabiq Pacheco ki baat zyada qareen-e-qayas hai.

Pacheco is ras ka arz balad sarhe chauntees darje janoob likhta hai (Kimble ke mutabiq asal mein 34 darje 21 minute). Woh likhta hai ke yeh zameen bohat unchi hai, April se September tak yahan sakht sardi aur tufan rahte hain, aur yahan gaiyen, bakriyan, bheren aur machhli bohat hain.

Wapsi ke safar ka zyada haal maloom nahin. Britannica ke mutabiq Dias Principe, aaj ke Liberia ke sahil aur Ghana mein Portuguese logon ki tijarati chowki Mina se hota hua December 1488 mein Portugal pahuncha.

Baad ki zindagi

Dias ko badshah ki taraf se kya sila mila, yeh maloom nahin. Britannica ke mutabiq baad mein use Vasco da Gama ki muhim ke do jahazon, “Sao Gabriel” aur “Sao Rafael”, ki tameer ki nigrani saunpi gayi, aur 1497 mein woh da Gama ke sath sirf Cape Verde jazair tak gaya. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq da Gama ke amle mein Dias ka chief pilot Pero de Alenquer bhi shamil tha, jo ras ka tajurba rakhta tha; aur jahan Dias sahil ke sath sath mukhalif hawaon aur dharon se larta gaya tha, da Gama ne khule samandar mein bara chakkar laga kar muwafiq hawain pakri.

1500 mein Dias Pedro Alvares Cabral (Pedro Alvares Cabral) ke bede ke sath Hindustan ke liye rawana hua, jo raste mein Brazil ke sahil par pahuncha. Britannica ke mutabiq agle mahine, 29 May 1500 ko, Dias ka jahaz isi Ras-e-Umeed ke qareeb ek tufan mein doob gaya jis ka rasta us ne barah baras pehle khola tha.

Agli qist: Ahmad bin Majid: Bahr-e-Hind ka ustad mallah.

Maakhiz

Harold V. Livermore and the Editors, "Bartolomeu Dias", Encyclopaedia Britannica (early life; Cao's voyages; the fleet and pilots; the dating; the voyage, Angra de Sao Bras, Algoa Bay, the officers' vote, Rio do Infante; the naming of the Cape; return; Sao Gregorio pillar; later life and death). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bartolomeu-Dias
Duarte Pacheco Pereira, Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis, translated and edited by George H. T. Kimble, Hakluyt Society, Second Series no. LXXIX, London, 1937, Book I ch. vii ("Concerning the discovery of Cabo de Boa Esperanca") and Kimble's notes on Dias's dates and the latitude. https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.01961
E. G. Ravenstein (trans. and ed.), A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497–1499, Hakluyt Society, First Series no. 99, London, 1898 (entry for 15–16 December 1497 and notes 52, 63, 64: Pero de Alenquer, Dias's last pillar, Mossel Bay = Sao Bras, Rio do Infante = Great Fish River). Project Gutenberg eBook #46440. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46440
Mark Cartwright, "Vasco da Gama", World History Encyclopedia (Dias's coastal route; Dias's chief pilot Pero de Alenquer in da Gama's crew). https://www.worldhistory.org/Vasco_da_Gama/

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