Faxian: China se Swat, Peshawar aur Taxila tak paidal safar

Solah sau baras se bhi pehle, lagbhag saath baras ki umar ka ek Chini rahib chand sathiyon ke saath paidal nikla aur is sarzameen tak aa pahuncha jise aaj hum Swat, Peshawar, Taxila aur Bannu ke namon se jante hain. Is ka naam Faxian (Faxian) tha. Is ne sehra-e-Gobi ki ret, barf posh paharon ki sardi aur darya-e-Sindh ki khaufnak ghatiyan paar kin, phir samundar ke raste tufanon se ladta hua watan lauta. Is ka safarnama aaj bhi in ilaqon ke sab se purane chashm deed bayanat mein shumar hota hai.

Safar kyon aur kaise shuru hua

Faxian ki paidaish aur wafat ke sahih saal maloom nahin; Encyclopaedia Britannica is ki sargarmiyon ka zamana 399 se 414 tak batata hai. Is ke safarnamay ke mutarjim James Legge (James Legge) ke mutabiq Faxian is baat par dukhi tha ke China mein Buddh rahibon ke zabton ki kitabein, jinhein "Vinaya" (Vinaya) kaha jata hai, adhuri aur naqis halat mein thin. Chunancha is ne chaar sathiyon ke saath Hindustan ja kar yeh kitabein hasil karne ka ahd kiya.

Yeh qafila 399 mein Chang'an (Chang'an) se rawana hua. Dunhuang (Dunhuang) ke baad registan aaya jis ke bare mein Faxian likhta hai ke upar aasman mein koi parinda nazar aata hai na neeche zameen par koi janwar; raste ki wahid nishani in musafiron ki sookhi haddiyan hain jo yahan mar gaye.

Is ke baad "pyaz ke pahar" (Ts'ung-ling) aaye, jinhein Legge Bolor Tagh ka silsila batata hai, aur jin par sardi garmi barf jami rehti thi. Inhein paar karne mein ek mahina laga.

Darya-e-Sindh ki ghati

Paharon se utar kar Faxian ek chhoti si riyasat "To Li" mein pahuncha jise baaz ulama wadi-e-Darel samajhte hain, agarche Legge ko is par shak hai. Yahan se pandrah din junub maghrib ki taraf woh rasta tha jis ka bayan aaj bhi parhne wale ko khauf zada kar deta hai.

Faxian likhta hai ke pahar ki deewar seedhi khari thi aur neeche darya-e-Sindh bahta tha. Kinare ke qareeb jao to aankhein chakra jati thin. Purane zamane ke logon ne chattanon mein raste tarash rakhe the aur saat sau seedhiyan laga rakhi thin. Sab se neeche rassiyon ka ek jhulta pul tha jis se darya paar kiya jata tha, aur donon kinare taqriban assi qadam ke fasle par the. Legge ke hashiye ke mutabiq Angrez mahir-e-asar Alexander Cunningham (Alexander Cunningham) ne unneesvin sadi mein bhi Skardu ke neeche Sindh ki ghatiyon mein aise hi rassiyon ke pul dekhe the.

Swat: baghon ki sarzameen

Darya paar kar ke Faxian "Wu Chang" pahuncha jo Legge ke mutabiq Udyana (Udyana) hai, yani aaj ki wadi-e-Swat. Legge likhta hai ke Udyana ka matlab "bagh" hai aur yeh ilaqa apne jangalon, phoolon aur phalon ke liye mashhoor tha. Swat mein rahibon ki paanch sau khanqahein thin. Koi ajnabi rahib aata to teen din tak is ki khatir madarat hoti, phir use apna thikana khud dhoondna parta. Faxian ne barsat ka Mausam yahin guzara. Legge ke hisab se yeh 403 ka saal tha.

Swat ke baad woh junub ki ek aur chhoti riyasat se hota hua paanch din mein Gandhara (Gandhara) pahuncha. Faxian ke mutabiq yahan kabhi shahenshah Ashoka (Ashoka) ka beta Dharmavivardhan hukumat karta tha.

Taxila aur Peshawar

Gandhara se saat din mashriq ki taraf chal kar Faxian "Takshashila" pahuncha aur is naam ka matlab "kata hua sar" likha. Woh batata hai ke is ilaqe ke bare stupon par aas paas ki riyasaton ke badshah aur awam charhawe charhate the, aur phool bikherne aur chiragh jalane walon ka tanta kabhi nahin tootta tha.

Yeh Takshashila aaj ka Taxila (Taxila) hi hai ya nahin, is par Legge ko shak tha; is ke khayal mein Faxian ka Takshashila darya-e-Sindh ke maghribi kinare par tha. Taxila ke khandar unneesvin sadi mein Cunningham ne daryaft kiye, jinhon ne yahan pachpan stupe, atthaees khanqahein aur nau mandir shumar kiye. National Geographic ke mutabiq 1980 mein UNESCO ne Taxila ko aalmi wirsa qarar diya. World History Encyclopedia likhta hai ke Kushan daur mein Taxila ke naye shehar mein Wasat Asia aur China se zaireen aate the.

Gandhara se chaar din junub mein "Purush Pur" tha jise Legge aaj ka Peshawar batata hai. Yahan Faxian ne Kushan badshah Kanishka (Kanishka) ka banaya hua stupa dekha jo is ke baqaul chaar sau haath se zyada ooncha tha, aur jis jaisi shan wali koi imarat use poore safar mein nazar nahin aayi. Peshawar is qafile ke liye judai ki jagah bhi bana: teen sathi yahin se China laut gaye, aur Legge ke hashiye ke mutabiq ek aur sathi Huiying (Huiying) ka yahin intiqal ho gaya.

Barf mein sathi ki maut, phir Bannu aur Punjab

Peshawar ke baad Faxian maghrib mein Nagarhar (Jalalabad ka ilaqa) gaya aur sardiyon ke aakhir mein do sathiyon ke saath "chhote barfani pahar" paar karne laga. Wahan aisi thandi hawa chali ke woh kanpne lage aur bol na sake. Sathi Huijing (Huijing) aage na chal saka. Marne se pehle is ne Faxian se kaha: "Main ab zinda nahin reh sakta. Tum fauran chale jao, taake hum sab yahan na mar jayen."

Pahar paar kar ke woh "Lo I" pahunche jise Legge Afghanistan ka ek hissa batata hai, phir das din junub mein "Po Na", jis ke bare mein Legge likhta hai ke yeh bila shubah aaj ka zila Bannu hai. Wahan teen hazar rahib the. Bannu se teen din chal kar Faxian ne ek baar phir darya-e-Sindh paar kiya, jahan donon kinaron par zameen hamwar aur neechi thi. Paar Punjab ke rahib hairan hue ke itne door daraz mulk ke log bhi Buddh dharam ki talash mein yahan tak aa gaye hain, aur unhon ne mehmanon ki har zarurat poori ki.

Hindustan, Sri Lanka aur tufanon bhari wapsi

Is ke baad Faxian Mathura aur Ganga ke maidanon mein Buddh mat ke muqaddas maqamat par gaya. Pataliputra (aaj ka Patna) mein is ne teen baras Sanskrit seekhi aur kitabon ki naqlein taiyar kin. Phir woh tijarati jahaz par Sri Lanka pahuncha, jahan ek din ek saudagar ko China ka bana hua safed resham ka pankha charhate dekh kar watan ki yaad mein is ki aankhein bhar aayin.

Wapsi ka safar do sau se zyada musafiron wale jahaz par shuru hua. Toofan mein jahaz mein pani bhar aaya aur tajiron ne saman samundar mein phenk diya; Faxian ne apne bartan to phenk diye magar kitabein aur muratiyan bachaye rakhin. Jahaz Java ja laga. Wahan se doosra jahaz Guangzhou ke liye chala magar rasta bhatak kar shumali China mein Lao pahar ke sahil par ja pahuncha, jo aaj ke suba Shandong mein hai.

Faxian ke apne hisab se use wasti Hindustan pahunchne mein chhe baras lage, chhe baras woh wahan raha aur wapsi mein teen baras sirf hue; is douran woh tees ke lagbhag mulkon se guzra. Is ka safarnama aaj hamein batata hai ke paanchvin sadi mein Swat, Peshawar, Taxila aur Bannu kaise dikhai dete the.

Agli qist: Xuanzang (Xuanzang): Hindustan ka safar aur Taxila.