Francis Drake: Duniya ka doosra chakkar

26 September 1580 ko England ki bandargah Plymouth (Plymouth) mein ek chhota sa jahaz dakhil hua. Is ke mallahon ke hisab se is din itwar tha, magar shehr walon ke liye peer. Yeh ek din ka farq is baat ka suboot tha ke woh maghrib ki taraf chalte chalte poori zameen ke gird ghoom aaye the. Jahaz ka naam "Golden Hind" (Golden Hind) tha aur is ka captain Francis Drake (Francis Drake) tha. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq yeh Magellan ki muhim (1519-1522) ke baad duniya ka doosra mukammal bahri chakkar tha.

Paanch jahaz aur 164 aadmi

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Drake taqriban 1540 mein England ki county Devonshire mein paida hue. Is safar ka sab se mufassal bayan "The World Encompassed" (The World Encompassed) hai, jo Drake ke bhatije ne 1628 mein jahaz ke padri Francis Fletcher (Francis Fletcher) ke notes se murattab kar ke chhapa. Hakluyt Society ne 1854 mein ise Fletcher ke ghair matboo masawade aur doosre hum safaron ke bayanat ke sath dobara shaya kiya.

Is ke mutabiq beyde mein paanch jahaz the: sab se bara "Pelican" (Pelican) jis par Drake khud the, "Elizabeth" (Elizabeth) 80 ton, "Marigold" (Marigold) 30 ton, rasad ka jahaz "Swan" (Swan) 50 ton, aur chhoti kashti "Christopher" (Christopher) 15 ton. Un par kul 164 aadmi sawar the. Beyda 15 November 1577 ko Plymouth se nikla, magar ek sakht toofan ne do jahazon ke mastool tor diye aur sab ko wapas aana para. Marammat ke baad 13 December 1577 ko woh dobara rawana hue.

Beyda Africa ke maghribi sahil aur jazair Cape Verde se ho kar Bahr-e-Atlas paar kar ke Janubi America pohncha aur sahil ke sath janoob ki taraf barha. Raste mein "Swan" aur "Christopher" ko khali kar ke chhor diya gaya, is liye Abnaye Magellan tak sirf teen jahaz pohnche.

Abnaye Magellan

"The World Encompassed" ke mutabiq 20 August 1578 ko beyda abnaye ke dahane par ek buland raas ke paas pohncha jis ki surmai dhalwan chattanon se takra kar samundar ka pani whale machhliyon ke fawwaron ki tarah uchhalta tha. Yahin Drake ne apne jahaz ka naam "Pelican" se badal kar "Golden Hind" rakha. Kitab ke mutabiq yeh naam un ke sarparast Sir Christopher Hatton (Christopher Hatton) ki yaad mein rakha gaya.

Abnaye kahin chaar, kahin teen aur kahin do league chaura thi, aur sab se tang jagah par ek league se kuch zyada. Is ke mor bohat the aur hawa tez. Abnaye ke jazeeron par mallahon ko beshumar penguin mile, jinhein Fletcher "ur na sakne wale parinde" likhte hain jin ke paron ki jagah chhote thunth hain. Raat ko unhon ne ek jazeere par aag ugalta pahar dekha. 6 September ko teenon jahaz abnaye se nikal kar Bahr-ul-Kahil mein dakhil hue.

Bawan din ka toofan

Agle hi din, 7 September ko, ek aisa toofan shuru hua jo kitab ke mutabiq 28 October tak, "poore 52 din", jari raha. Jahaz janoob mein 57 darje arz-e-balad se bhi aage dhakel diye gaye. John Cooke (John Cooke) ke bayan ke mutabiq September ke aakhir mein "Marigold" bichhar gaya. 8 October ki raat "Elizabeth" bhi bichhar gaya; is ke captain John Winter (John Winter) abnaye ke raste wapas mur gaye aur 2 June 1579 ko England pohnch gaye. Ab "Golden Hind" akela tha.

Is safar ka ek jughrafiyai nateeja bhi nikla. Fletcher likhte hain ke abnaye ke janoob ki zameen, jise naqshon par ek bara namaloom barrazam dikhaya jata tha, dar asal "toote hue jazeere" hain jin ke darmiyan khule raste hain. Woh yeh bhi likhte hain ke October ke aakhir mein in janubi ilaqon mein raat sirf do ghante ki thi.

America ka maghribi sahil aur "Nova Albion"

Toofan thamne ke baad Drake ne Chile aur Peru ke sahil ke sath shumal ka rukh kiya. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is safar mein unhon ne kai Hispani jahaz pakre, jin mein March 1579 mein Peru ke sahil ke qareeb "Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion" (Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion) naami jahaz bhi tha.

Phir jahaz itna shumal gaya ke June ke mahine mein bhi pahariyan barf se dhaki thin aur mallah sakht sardi ki shikayat karte rahe. "The World Encompassed" ke mutabiq 38 darje 30 minute shumali arz-e-balad par unhein ek mauzoon bandargah mili, jahan jahaz 17 June se 23 July 1579 tak langar andaz raha aur is ki marammat ki gayi. Drake ne is ilaqe ka naam "Nova Albion" (Nova Albion) rakha, yaani "naya Albion". Hakluyt ke bayan ke mutabiq is ki do wajhein thin: samundar ke rukh safed kinare aur chattanein, aur yeh ke England ka ek purana naam bhi Albion tha. World History Encyclopedia is jagah ko maujooda San Francisco ke qareeb batata hai.

Hakluyt ke mutabiq wahan ke logon ke ghar gol khude hue garhon par lakriyan jor kar banaye jate the jo upar ja kar makhrooti chhat ki tarah mil jati thin, aur aag ghar ke beech mein jalti thi. Kitab likhti hai ke rukhsat ke din maqami log pahariyon ki chotiyon par charh gaye aur aag jala kar jahaz ko der tak dekhte rahe.

Masalon ke jazeere

Is ke baad Golden Hind ne Bahr-ul-Kahil paar kiya. Kitab ke mutabiq October mein woh Philippines ke jazeere Mindanao (Mindanao) ke paas se guzre aur 3 November 1579 ko Moluccas (Moluccas) yaani masalon ke jazeere nazar aaye, jin ke baare mein likha hai ke woh "chaar unche nokeele jazeere" hain jahan laung ki bohtaat hai. Ternate (Ternate) ke hakim ke naib ne khud kashti mein aa kar Drake ko apne jazeere par aane ki dawat di. Yahan se jahaz par kai ton laung ladi gayi.

9 January 1580 ki raat, jab jahaz poore badban khole chal raha tha, achanak ek zer-e-aab chattan par charh kar phans gaya. Isi daur ke ek mukhtasar qalmi bayan ke mutabiq jahaz raat aath baje se agle din seh pahar chaar baje tak phansa raha. Hakluyt ke bayan ke mutabiq ise halka karne ke liye teen ton laung, aath topein aur kuch aata aur phaliyan samundar mein phenki gayin. Phir hawa ne achanak rukh badla, badban khole gaye aur jahaz chattan se utar kar dobara tairne laga. Is ke baad woh Java pohnche, jahan isi qalmi bayan ke mutabiq maqami logon se chawal, nariyal aur kele liye gaye.

Ghar wapsi

Bahr-e-Hind paar kar ke jahaz 18 June 1580 ko Raas Umeed (Cape of Good Hope) ke paas se guzra. Hakluyt ke bayan ke mutabiq mallahon ne ise "poori zameen ke gird safar mein sab se khoobsurat raas" paya, aur likha ke yeh itni khatarnak nahin jitni mashhoor hai. 22 July ko woh maghribi Africa mein Sierra Leone pohnche, jahan unhein taza rasad mili aur unhon ne "darakhton par lagi seepiyan" dekhin.

Aakhir kar 26 September 1580 ko Golden Hind Plymouth pohncha. "The World Encompassed" ke mutabiq yeh safar "do saal, das mahine aur chand din" ka tha. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq 4 April 1581 ko malika Elizabeth awwal ne London ke qareeb darya-e-Thames par Deptford (Deptford) mein khare isi jahaz ke arshe par Drake ko "Sir" ka khitab diya. Drake ka intiqal 28 January 1596 ko Panama mein Portobelo ke maqam par hua.

Agli qist: William Barents: Qutb-e-Shumali ke barf zar mein sardiyan.