Christopher Columbus: Bahr-e-Auqyanoos ka pehla safar

11 October 1492 ki raat, raat ke das baje, aik jahaz ke pichhle arshe par khare aik shakhs ko door andheray mein aik roshni dikhai di, "jaise mom batti upar neeche ho rahi ho". Char ghante baad aage chalne wale jahaz ne tay shuda ishara diya: zameen nazar aa gayi thi. Arshe par khara woh shakhs Christopher Columbus (Christopher Columbus) tha.

Aik mallah ka mansooba

Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq Columbus ki ibtidai zindagi ke bare mein bohat kam maloom hai; zyada tar muhaqqiqin ke mutabiq woh Italy ke shehar Genoa mein aikooni kapray ke karigar aur tajir Domenico Colombo ke han paida hua. Us ne Portugal ke tijarati jahazon par kaam shuru kiya, 1476 mein Lisbon mein aa basa, aur 1482 se 1485 tak Africa ke maghribi sahil par tijarat karta raha, jahan ise Bahr-e-Auqyanoos ki hawaon ka ilm hua.

Us ka mansooba yeh tha ke maghrib ki taraf samandar mein seedha chal kar China, Hindustan aur masalon ke jazeeron tak pahuncha jaye. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq us ka andaza tha ke Canary jazair se China tak taqriban 2,300 mile (3,700 kilometre) ka faasla hai; Portugal ke badshah John II ne yeh mansooba isi bunyad par radd kiya ke yeh andaza bohat kam hai. Britannica ke mutabiq 1484 mein Portugal se inkar ke baad Columbus 1486 tak Spain aa gaya, aur kam az kam do baar nakami ke baad January 1492 mein ise Spain ke badshah Ferdinand aur malika Isabella ki himayat mil gayi.

Teen jahaz

Britannica ke mutabiq muhim ke jahaz Spain ke darya Tinto par waqe qasbe Palos (Palos) mein tayyar hue. Seville mein muqeem zyada tar Genoese aur Florentine bankaron ke giroohon ne us ki tayyari ke liye kam az kam gyarah lakh chalis hazar "maravedi" (us waqt ka Spanish sikka) faraham kiye.

Columbus ke roznamche ka angrezi tarjuma Clements Markham (Clements Markham) ne 1893 mein Hakluyt Society ke liye kiya. Markham ke hashiye ke mutabiq Columbus ka apna jahaz "Santa Maria" taqriban sau ton ka tha aur beray ka sab se bara jahaz tha; us ka malik Juan de la Cosa (Juan de la Cosa) tha. Baqi do chhote jahaz, "Pinta" aur "Nina", Palos ke the; Pinta ka captain Martin Alonso Pinzon aur Nina ka Vicente Yanez Pinzon tha. Markham batate hain ke asal roznamcha zaya ho chuka hai; woh sirf us khulase ki soorat mein bacha hai jo Spanish mWarrikh Las Casas (Las Casas) ne tayyar kiya tha, jis mein Columbus ke apne bohat se jumle lafz ba lafz maujood hain.

Samandar mein chhattis din

Roznamche ke mutabiq beyra Jumma 3 August 1492 ko subah aath baje Saltes (Saltes) ki retili rukawat se nikla aur Canary jazair ka rukh kiya. Britannica ke mutabiq yeh rasta is liye chuna gaya ke wahan se shumal mashriqi tijarati hawaon (trade winds) ka faida uthaya ja sake. Taqriban aik mahina wahan marammat mein guzra, aur 6 September ko jahaz Gomera ke jazeere se khule samandar mein nikle.

Raste mein tairti ghaas aur parinde baar baar nazar aaye magar zameen na aayi. Britannica ke mutabiq 10 October tak amle ka sabr jawab de gaya, kyunke unhein dar tha ke rasad kam par jayegi aur woh ghar na laut sakenge.

11 October ko roznamche ke mutabiq mallahon ne pani mein aik hari tehni, aik tarashi hui chhari aur aik takhta dekha, aur "sab ne sukh ka saans liya". Badshah aur malika ne sab se pehle zameen dekhne wale ke liye das hazar maravedi inaam rakha tha, aur Columbus ne us ke sath aik resham jacket ka wada bhi kiya. Aage chalne wale Pinta par 12 October ki raat do baje us ke mallah Rodrigo de Triana (Rodrigo de Triana) ne taqriban do league door zameen dekhi. Jahazon ne badban samait kar subah ka intezar kiya, aur din ko woh aik chhote jazeere par pahunche jise maqami log "Guanahani" (Guanahani) kehte the.

Jazeere aur sahil

Yeh pehla jazeera kaun sa tha, us par aaj bhi bahas hai; Britannica ke mutabiq aam tor par Bahamas ka San Salvador (Watlings) jazeera mana jata hai, magar baaz muhaqqiqin Bahamas ke doosre jazeeron ya Turks and Caicos jazair ke haq mein hain.

Apne mashhoor khat mein, jis ka angrezi tarjuma Cecil Jane (Cecil Jane) ne 1930 mein Hakluyt Society ke liye kiya, Columbus likhta hai ke woh Canary jazair se taintees din mein "Indies" pahuncha. Us ne pehle jazeere ko San Salvador, doosre ko Santa Maria de Concepcion, teesre ko Fernandina, chauthe ko Isabella aur panchwen ko Juana ka naam diya. Britannica ke mutabiq Juana yaani Cuba mein woh 28 October ko utra aur yakum November tak is nateeje par pahunch gaya ke yeh China ka sahil hai.

6 December ko woh aik bare jazeere par pahuncha jise wahan ke Taino (Taino) bashinde "Ayti" kehte the, aur us ne us ka naam "La Isla Espanola" yaani Hispaniola rakha. Apne khat mein woh is jazeere ke darakhton ke bare mein likhta hai ke woh itne ooonche hain ke "aasman ko chhute maloom hote hain", aise sarsabz hain jaise Spain mein May ke mahine mein, aur "November ke mahine mein bulbul ga rahi thi".

Christmas ki raat

25 December 1492 ki raat Santa Maria ke sath woh hadsa hua jis ka zikr roznamche mein tafseel se hai. Columbus do din aik raat ka jaga hua tha aur gyarah baje sone chala gaya. Samandar bilkul pursukoon tha, "sheeshe ki tarah", is liye sukkan sambhalne wala mallah bhi so gaya aur sukkan aik larke ke hath mein de diya, halanke Columbus ne poore safar mein is se mana kar rakha tha. Aadhi raat ko samandari dhara jahaz ko aahista se aik retle kinare par le gaya, itni aahistagi se ke kisi ko jhatka tak mehsoos na hua. Mastool katne ke bawajood jahaz na bach saka.

Roznamche ke mutabiq qareebi basti ke sardar Guacanagari (Guacanagari) ne yeh khabar suni to ro para, aur apne sab logon ko bari kashtiyon ke sath jahaz ka saman utarne bheja. Columbus likhta hai ke saman ki aisi hifazat ki gayi ke "aik sui tak ghayab na hui". Columbus ne sahil par aik chowki banayi, us ka naam "La Navidad" rakha, aur 39 aadmi wahan chhore; doobe hue jahaz ke takhte aur saman un ke kaam aaye.

Toofani wapsi

Britannica ke mutabiq 16 January 1493 ko Columbus Nina par sawar ho kar Pinta ke sath wapas rawana hua. Raste mein shadeed toofanon ne dono jahazon ko alag kar diya. Roznamche ke mutabiq 14 February ko toofan ke dauran Columbus ko dar hua ke agar woh doob gaya to is safar ki khabar kabhi nahin pahunchegi. Us ne aik charmi kaghaz par apni daryaftoon ka haal likha, ise mom lage kapray mein lapeta, lakri ke aik bare peepe mein band kiya aur samandar mein daal diya.

Nina Azores ke jazeere Santa Maria pahuncha, phir aik aur toofan ise Lisbon le gaya, jahan Columbus Portugal ke badshah John II se mila. Aakhirkar 15 March 1493 ko, rawangi ke taqriban saat mahine baad, woh Palos wapas pahuncha. Britannica ke mutabiq is safar ne sabit kar diya ke mausami hawaon ke nizam ko istemal kar ke Bahr-e-Auqyanoos paar kiya ja sakta hai aur wapas bhi aaya ja sakta hai, agarche Columbus aakhir tak yehi samajhta raha ke yeh jazeere Asia ke qareeb hain.

Agli qist: John Cabot: Shumali America ka sahil.