Muhammad bin Qasim ka rasta (711 AD)

Atemad E-Magazine 17 October 2026 · 12 minute ka mutalia

Pichhle baab mein hum ne dekha ke Umavi daur mein Makuran musalmanon ka ek sarhadi soba ban chuka tha jis ke hakim Iraq se muqarrar hote aur aksar yahin mare jate the. Isi sarhadi soba se 92 Hijri / 711 AD mein woh lashkar guzra jis ne Sindh ki tareekh badal di. Is baab mein hum is lashkar ke sirf is hisse ka safar dekhenge jo aaj ke Balochistan se guzra: Shiraz se Makuran, Panjgur aur Lasbela ki wadiyon se hota hua Debal tak.

Do kitaben, do awazen

Is safar ke do bunyadi makhaz hain. Baladhuri ki "Futuh al-Buldan" Sindh ki fatah ko chand safhon mein sametti hai. Doosra makhaz farsi "Chach Nama" hai jo is fatah ki sab se lambi kahani sunata hai. Encyclopaedia Iranica mein Derryl N. MacLean (Derryl N. MacLean) likhte hain ke Chach Nama ek gumnam arabi tareekh ka farsi tarjuma hai jise Ali bin Hamid Kufi ne 613 Hijri / 1216 AD ke baad shumali Sindh mein Nasir ud Din Qabacha ke darbar mein tayyar kiya; arabi asl ab maujood nahin. Muarrikh Manan Ahmed Asif (Manan Ahmed Asif) ne apni kitab "A Book of Conquest" (Harvard, 2016) mein daleel di hai ke yeh kitab Ali Kufi ne 1226 mein Uch mein likhi, aur yeh na tarjuma hai na "fatah ki kitab", balke apne zamane ki siyasi fikr ki tasneef hai. Yaani Chach Nama waqiat se paanch sau baras baad likha gaya.

Pas manzar: Alafi aur Saeed bin Aslam

Pichhle baab mein mukhtasar zikr aaya tha ke Hajjaj bin Yousuf ne Saeed bin Aslam Kilabi ko Makuran ka hakim banaya aur woh Alafi bhaiyon, Muhammad aur Muawiya bin Harith, ke hathon mare gaye jinhon ne phir sarhad par qabza kar liya. Baladhuri ke baqaul Hajjaj ne is ke baad Mujaa bin Sir Tamimi ko sarhad par bheja; Mujaa ne Kandabil ke gird qabail par hamle kiye aur Makuran mein ek baras reh kar wahin intiqal kar gaye. Un ki jagah Muhammad bin Harun bin Zira Namri Makuran ke hakim hue. Yun jab Muhammad bin Qasim ki muhim ka faisla hua to Makuran mein pehle se ek arab hakim maujood tha.

Lashkar: chhe hazar Shami

Baladhuri likhta hai ke Hajjaj ne Muhammad bin Qasim ko Sindh ki sarhad ka hakim muqarrar kiya; hukm mila to woh Fars mein the, jahan is se pehle unhein Rey ki taraf jane ka hukm mila tha. Hajjaj ne un ke sath "chhe hazar Shami sipahi" aur kuch aur log rawana kiye. Chach Nama mein yeh tadad ek khat ki shakl mein aati hai: Hajjaj khalifa ko likhta hai ke Sham ke sardaron ki aulad mein se chhe hazar aadmi Muhammad bin Qasim ke sath kar diye jayen. Chach Nama yeh bhi batata hai ke Hajjaj ke khaton ke sath chhe hazar sawar, chhe hazar ount sawar aur teen hazar barbardar ount Shiraz pahunche. Chhe hazar Shamiyon par donon makhaz muttafiq hain; ounton ki tafseel sirf Chach Nama ki riwayat mein hai.

Shiraz se Makuran tak

Donon makhaz ke mutabiq lashkar Shiraz mein jama hua: Baladhuri ke baqaul Hajjaj ne ijazat di ke Muhammad bin Qasim Shiraz mein ruke rahen jab tak sare aadmi jama aur tayyariyan mukammal na ho jayen, aur Chach Nama ke mutabiq woh wahan thehre rahe yahan tak ke Iraq aur Sham ke sab daste aa mile. Is ke baad Baladhuri sirf itna likhta hai ke Muhammad bin Qasim Makuran gaye aur "wahan kuch arsa thehre". Baladhuri ke baqaul Makuran ke hakim Muhammad bin Harun un se aa mile aur sath ho liye. Chach Nama bhi yahi batata hai ke Muhammad bin Qasim Armail ki simt rawana hue aur Muhammad bin Harun un ke hamrah the.

Qanzbur aur Armail: Panjgur aur Bela?

Baladhuri ke baqaul Makuran se Muhammad bin Qasim Qanzbur pahunche aur ise liya, phir Armail pahunche aur ise bhi liya. Donon namon ki shinakht par bahas rahi hai.

Qanzbur, jise arabi makhaz Fanzbur, Banjbur aur doosre imla mein likhte hain, aam taur par Panjgur se milaya jata hai. Le Strange (Guy Le Strange) apni 1905 ki kitab "Lands of the Eastern Caliphate" mein likhte hain ke Makuran ka daarul hukumat Fanzbur ya Banjbur tha jo aaj Panjgur kehlata hai, aur daswin sadi ke jughrafiya dan Muqaddasi ke hawale se batate hain ke Banjbur mein mitti ka ek qila tha jis ke gird khandaq thi. Elliot aur Dowson bhi is maqam ko Panjgur ke mutabiq samajhte hain. Isi kitab mein arab jughrafiya danon ki manzilen yun gini gayi hain: Tiz ki bandargah se Kiz (Kech) paanch manzil, wahan se Fanzbur do manzil; aur Fanzbur se Debal tak kul chaudah manzilen. Le Strange ke baqaul Kanazbur ya Kanajbur ka imla mehaz katib ki ghalti hai jo Fanzbur ke pehle harf par nuqte dugne ho jane se paida hui.

Armail, jise Chach Nama Arman Bela likhta hai, aam taur par aaj ke Bela (Lasbela) se milaya jata hai; Chach Nama ke mutarjim Mirza Kalich Beg ne bhi hashiye mein yahi raye di hai. 1908 ke Imperial Gazetteer ke mutabiq Bela ka qadeem naam Armail ya Armabel tha aur satwin sadi isvi mein yahan ka hakim ek Buddh pujari tha. 1911 ke Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mazmoon "Bela" mein likha hai ke arabon ki Makuran mein amad ke baad Armil ya Armabel Iran aur Sindh ke darmiyan tijarati qasbon ki kari ke taur par ubhra, aur yeh ke Kanbali ke khandar "shayad" Khairokot mein pehchane ja sakte hain. Yeh shinakhten qarain par hain: 1907 ka Lasbela Gazetteer khud sawal uthata hai ke qadeem shehar aaj ke Bela ki jagah tha ya Khairokot ke teelon mein. Le Strange ki manzilon mein Kiz se Armabil chhe manzil, Armabil se Kanbali do aur Kanbali se Debal chaar manzil hain.

Samandar ka rasta: Debal aur "Arus"

Yeh lashkar sirf khushki ka safar nahin tha. Baladhuri likhta hai ke Debal pahunchne par jahazon ke zariye Muhammad bin Qasim ko aadmi, hathiyar aur jangi machinen pahunchayi gayin, aur unhon ne woh manjaniq nasb ki jis ka naam "Arus" yaani dulhan tha aur jise chalane ke liye paanch sau aadmi darkar the. Chach Nama mein Hajjaj ka ek khat hai jis mein Muhammad bin Qasim ko hukm hai ke Debal ke qareeb ruk jayen jab tak kashtiyan na pahunch jayen. Goya bhari saman samandar se aaya aur fauj khushki se.

Bosworth Encyclopaedia Iranica mein Baladhuri ke hawale se likhte hain ke Makuran 92 Hijri / 711 mein Sindh par Muhammad bin Qasim ke hamle ka "takhta-e-kood" tha. Chach Nama lashkar ke Debal ke qareeb pahunchne ka din "Juma, 10 Muharram" likhta hai; angrezi tarjume mein saal 73 chhapa hai jo zahir hai 93 Hijri ki ghalti hai, aur 10 Muharram 93 Hijri aam jadwalon ke mutabiq October 711 ke aakhir mein aata hai. Chach Nama ke mutabiq Hajjaj ne ladai ka hukm aathwen din diya. Baladhuri yeh bhi batata hai ke Muhammad bin Harun Muhammad bin Qasim ke sath Armail ke qareeb intiqal kar gaye aur "Kanbal" mein dafn hue; Chach Nama ke mutabiq un ka intiqal Arman Bela ke padao par hua aur wahin dafn hue. 1907 ka Lasbela Gazetteer bhi likhta hai ke Muhammad bin Qasim Bela se guzre aur kaha jata hai ke Muhammad bin Harun ka intiqal wahin hua.

Yeh rasta Makuran ke bare mein kya batata hai

Is safar se teen baten nikalti hain. Pehli: 711 mein Makuran arab soba tha jahan ek hakim baitha tha aur lashkar "kuch arsa" thehar kar aage barh sakta tha. Bosworth ke mutabiq farsi jughrafiyai kitab "Hudud al-Alam" Makuran ko Sindh ka hissa ginti hai, jis ki badi bandargah Tiz aur hakim ka markaz Kech tha. Doosri: Qanzbur aur Armail ko "lene" ki zaroorat padi, yaani sobe ki andaruni wadiyan markazi qabze se bahar thin; Alafiyon ki baghawat is ka saboot hai. Teesri: Bosworth ke baqaul qurun-e-wusta ke jughrafiya dan Makuran ko kam abadi aur kam wasail ka ilaqa likhte hain; shayad isi liye bhari saman samandar se gaya. 1911 ke Britannica ka mazmoon "Makran" likhta hai ke arabon ne Sindh ki fatah se pehle hi Makuran par qabza kar rakha tha aur Kech ki wadi ko Hindustan ki taraf apni tijarati shahrah banaya.

Muhim ki baqi kahani, Debal, Raja Dahir ki shikast aur Multan, Sindh ki tareekh hai. Balochistan ke liye is kahani ka asl sabaq rasta hai: Shiraz se Kech, Kech se Panjgur aur Bela, aur Bela se Debal, jis par agli sadiyon mein arab jughrafiya dan bar bar chalenge.

Agle Itwar: Qiqan, Qusdar aur Turan: arab jughrafiya danon ki nazar mein, jahan hum daswin sadi ke safarnamon mein Balochistan ka naqsha dekhenge.

Makhaz

Al-Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State (Kitab Futuḥ al-Buldan), Part II, translated by Francis Clark Murgotten, Columbia University, New York, 1924, Part XX "Conquest of as-Sind", ch. II "Campaigns under al-Ḥajjaj", pp. 215–217 (Saʿid ibn Aslam, Mujjaʿah and Muḥammad ibn Harun p. 215; "6,000 from the army of the people of Syria" and the halt at Shiraz p. 216; Mukran, Kannazbur, Armaʾil, the burial at "Kanil" [note: Kanbal/Kanbali], the ships and the catapult "ʿarus" manned by 500 men p. 217). https://archive.org/details/originsoftheisla032520mbp/page/n232 (pp. 215–217 = leaves n232–n234)
H. M. Elliot and John Dowson, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, vol. 1, Trubner, London, 1867: "Futuhu-l Buldan of Biladuri", pp. 118–120 (Mujja' "died in Makran after being there a year", p. 118; "six thousand Syrian warriors", Shiraz, Makran "some time", death "near Armail" and burial "at Kambal", p. 119; ships with "men, arms, and warlike machines" and the manjanik "called 'the bride,' [which] required five hundred men to work it", p. 120); Chach-nama extract, p. 157 (chapter headings: "The army arrives at Shiraz", "The army marches from Armabel"); note on Kannazbur and "the modern Punjgoor", p. 389. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.448955/page/n151 (p. 119 = leaf n151; p. 389 = leaf n421)
The Chachnamah: An Ancient History of Sind, translated from the Persian by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, Commissioner's Press, Karachi, 1900, pp. 74–81 (request for "6,000 men out of the chiefs of Sham (Syria)" and order for 6,000 "out of the descendants of the chiefs of Syria", p. 74; the march via Shiraz, p. 75; the halt at Shiraz, the siege engines put in boats and Ḥajjaj's order to halt near Debal "till the arrival of the boats", p. 76; "6,000 horsemen, 6,000 camel men, and 3,000 loading camels" at Shiraz, "year 72" with the translator's note "a mistake for 92", arrival in Makran, Muhammad Harun's death at the camp of Armanbelah, and the note "the same as Armail, which I believe is the same as the present Belah in Lasbelah", p. 77; "on Friday, the 10th of Muharram of the year 73", p. 79; leave to attack "on the 8th day", p. 81). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282073/page/n92 (p. 77 = leaf n92; p. 79 = leaf n94)
Derryl N. MacLean, "CAC-NAMA", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. IV, fasc. 6, 1990, pp. 605–606 (online edition updated 2013). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cac-nama/
Manan Ahmed Asif, A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2016, pp. 12 ("written by 'Ali Kufi in 1226 CE in … the city of Uch"), 15 ("not a work of translation, and it is not a book of conquest"; "a text of political theory"), 20. https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.4159/9780674972414/html
Clifford Edmund Bosworth, "MAKRAN", Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, 2011 (updated 2012): Makran "the springboard for Moḥammad b. Qasem's invasion of Sind in 92/711"; "a region of low population density and few resources"; the Ḥodud al-ʿalam on Makran as part of Sind. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/makran/
Guy Le Strange, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur, Cambridge University Press, 1905, ch. XXIII "The Great Desert and Makran", pp. 329 (Fannazbur or Bannajbur at Panj-gur; Muqaddasi's description; Kannazbur "merely a clerical error for Fannazbur"), 330 (Armabil and Kanbali; ruins "probably at Lus Bela" and "at Khayrokot"), 333 (itinerary Tiz–Kiz–Fannazbur–Armabil–Kanbali–Daybul). https://archive.org/details/landsofeasternca00lest/page/n374 (p. 333 = leaf n374)
Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Baluchistan, Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1908, article "Las Bela State", p. 188 ("the ruler in the seventh century was a Buddhist priest"), and article "Bela", p. 192 ("The ancient name of the town was Armael or Armabel"). https://archive.org/details/ImperialGazetteerOfIndiaBaluchistan/page/n207 (p. 192 = leaf n207)
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VIII, Las Bela, Allahabad, 1907, pp. 23–24 (Armanbel "believed to be the town of Bela"; Muhammad bin Qasim "marched through Bela accompanied by Muhammad Harun … and the latter is said to have died there") and p. 208 (doubt whether ancient Armabel lay at modern Bela or at Khairo Kot). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279673/page/n38 (p. 23 = leaf n38)
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edition, 1911, article "Bela" by T. H. Holdich, vol. 3, p. 663 (Bela "under the name of Armel (or Armabel)"; Kambali "which may possibly be recognized in the ruins at Khairokot"), and article "Makran", vol. 17, p. 452 ("the Arabs held Makran even before they conquered Sind and made the Kej valley their trade highway to India"). https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:EB1911_-_Volume_03.djvu/682 · https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:EB1911_-_Volume_17.djvu/468

Balochistan: Tareekh ka Safar: tamam tehreerein →