Qiqan, Qusdar aur Turan: Arab jughrafiya daanon ki nazar mein

Atemad E-Magazine 17 October 2026 · 10 minute ka mutalia

Pichhle baab mein hum ne Muhammad bin Qasim ke saath 92H711 mein Makuran se Debal tak ka safar kiya. Phir daswin sadi eesvi mein ek nai qism ki tehreer samne aati hai: jughrafiya. Arab aur farsi jughrafiya daan, jo saltanat-e-islamia ke raston, shehron aur paidawar ka naqsha bana rahe the, Turan, Makuran aur Budha ke ilaqon ka bhi zikr karte hain. Yahi tehreerein Balochistan ke qurun-e-wusta ki pehli tafseeli tasveer hain.

Chaar kitabein, chaar nazrein

Is baab ke chaar bunyadi maakhaz hain. Pehla Abu Ishaq Istakhri ki "Masalik al-Mamalik" hai, jo daswin sadi ke wasat ki kitab hai. Doosra Ibn Hawqal ki kitab hai, jis ne Istakhri ke matan ko bunyad bana kar ise barhaya; Encyclopaedia Iranica ke mutabiq Ibn Hawqal ne Istakhri ki poori kitab apni kitab mein shamil kar li aur jahan maloomat nakafi samjhin wahan tarmeem aur izafa kiya. Sindh aur Turan ke mutaliq un ke abwab ke iqtibasat ka angrezi tarjuma Elliot & Dowson ki "History of India" ki pehli jild (1867) mein chhapa. Teesra maakhaz Muqaddasi ki "Ahsan al-Taqasim" hai, jo Le Strange ke mutabiq 375H985 mein likhi gayi. Chautha maakhaz farsi ki gumnam kitab "Hudud al-Alam" hai, jo 372H982 mein likhi gayi aur jis ka musannif, Minorsky ke bakaul, sayyah nahin balke kitabi aalim tha; woh khud in ilaqon mein nahin gaya balke pehle ki kitabon se mawad jama karta raha. Is ka tarjuma aur hashiya Vladimir Minorsky ne 1937 mein shaya kiya. In qadeem namon ko aaj ke naqshe par rakhne ka kaam Guy Le Strange ki "Lands of the Eastern Caliphate" (1905), Minorsky ke hashiye aur Clifford Bosworth ke Encyclopaedia Iranica ke mazameen ne kiya.

Turan: Qusdar aur Kizkanan

Bosworth ke mutabiq Turan qurun-e-wusta ke islami daur mein mashriqi wasti Balochistan ke us pahari ilaqe ka naam tha jo sahili Makuran ke shimal mein waqe hai, yaani wahi khitta jo haalia sadiyon mein Kalat ki Ahmadzai khanyat kehlata raha. Elliot aur Dowson ke tarjume mein Ibn Hawqal ka naqsha Sindh, Hind ke kuch hisse, Turan aur Budha ko ek saath dikhata hai, aur Turan ke shehron mein Mahali, Kanikanan (Goldmeister ke matan mein Kizkanan), Surah aur Qusdar ginwaye gaye hain. Isi tarjume mein Ibn Hawqal likhta hai ke Qusdar ka hakim Kizkanan mein rehta tha, aur Bosworth ke mutabiq Ibn Hawqal Turan ko Sindh ke islami daarul-hukumat Mansura se pandrah manzil ke fasle par batata hai.

Qusdar, jo aaj ka Khuzdar hai, is daur ke maakhaz mein sab se ziyada numayan shehar hai. Bosworth ke mutabiq Muqaddasi Qusdar aur Kikanan ko Mansura se assi farsakh door batata hai. Le Strange ne Muqaddasi ke bayan ka khulasa yun kiya hai ke Qusdar do hisson mein banta hua tha: ek taraf hakim ka qayam tha aur doosri taraf, jise Budin kehte the, tajir rehte the jin ki dukanon par Khurasan ke logon ka aana jaana bahut tha. Goya daswin sadi mein Khuzdar Khurasan aur Sindh ke darmiyan tijarat ka ek padao tha.

"Hudud al-Alam" mein bhi Turan ka naam maujood hai. Bosworth ke khulase ke mutabiq yeh kitab Turan ke qasbon mein Qusdar, Kizkanan (hakim ki nishast) aur Surah ginwati hai aur abadi ko kuch musalman aur kuch "Gabrkan" likhti hai, jis se Bosworth ke khayal mein ghaliban zartushti ya hindustani mazahib ke pairokar muraad hain. Daswin sadi ke wasat mein Kizkanan ke hakim ka naam Bosworth ke bakaul yaqeeni taur par nahin parha ja sakta; makhtutaat mein Mutazz, Mamar, Mughir ya Muin parha ja sakta hai. Elliot aur Dowson ke tarjume mein yeh naam Muin bin Ahmad hai, jo khutba sirf khalifa ke naam parhta tha. Yahi Bosworth batate hain ke daswin sadi ke aakhir ke baad Turan ka naam maakhaz se ghaib ho jata hai aur is ki jagah sirf Qusdar baqi rehta hai.

Budha, Qandabil aur Walishtan

Ibn Hawqal ki fehrist mein Turan ke saath ek aur ilaqa "Budha" hai, jis ka shehar Qandabil hai. Le Strange likhte hain ke Turan, yaani Qusdar ka zila, aksar shimal ki in zameenon ko bhi shamil samjha jata tha jo Budha kehlati thin, aur un ka markazi shehar Qandabil aaj ka Gandawa hai, jo Sibi ke janub aur Kalat ke mashriq mein waqe hai. Elliot aur Dowson ke tarjume mein Ibn Hawqal Qandabil ko woh shehar batata hai jahan Budha ke log tijarat karte the, aur Le Strange ke bakaul Ibn Hawqal ise maidan mein tanha khara ek bara shehar likhta hai jahan khajoor ke darakht nahin the. Gazetteer of Balochistan ki Kachhi jild Qandabil ko Multan se registan ke raste das manzil door batati hai, aur Jhalawan ki jild (1907) ke mutabiq arabon ke zamane mein Khuzdar Turan ka markazi shehar tha jis ki hifazat ek chhota qila karta tha.

Le Strange ke diye hue raston mein Qusdar se Qandabil aur Kizkanan ke fasle darj hain, aur aage Sibi aur Mastung ka zikr hai jinhein woh "Walishtan" ke ilaqe mein rakhte hain. Encyclopaedia Iranica ke mazmoon "Balochistan" mein Walishtan ko aaj ka Quetta bataya gaya hai, jise Darra-e-Bolan Sibi aur Kachhi ke nasheebi ilaqon se milata tha.

Makuran: Tiz, Kech, Panjgur aur Panidh

Bosworth ke mutabiq qurun-e-wusta ke jughrafiya daan Makuran ko kam abadi ka ilaqa likhte hain jis ki khaas paidawar ganne ka sheera "Panidh" tha; Iranica ke mazmoon "Shakar" mein Panidh ya Fanidh ko ek qism ki safed shakar batayi gayi hai jo Makuran se padosi mulkon ko bheji jati thi. Le Strange ke mutabiq Makuran ka bara tijarati markaz Tiz ki bandargah thi; Bosworth ke bakaul "Hudud al-Alam" Makuran ko Sindh ka hissa shumar karti hai, Tiz ko is ki bari bandargah aur Kech ko hakim ki nishast batati hai. Iranica ke mutabiq Muqaddasi Tiz ko, jo aaj ke Chahbahar ke qareeb tha, sahili Makuran ka sab se bara qasba batata hai jahan khajoor ke bahut darakht, umdah ribatein aur ek khoobsurat masjid thi.

Makuran ka andaruni markaz Fanzbur ya Banjbur tha. Le Strange ke mutabiq yeh soobe ka daarul-hukumat tha aur aaj ke Panjgur ke maqam par waqe tha. Muqaddasi ke hawale se woh likhte hain ke is ke do darwaze the, "Bab Tiz" aur "Bab Turan", aur yahan ke log "Balusi" (Baloch) the. Iranica ke mazmoon "Balochistan" ke mutabiq nawin aur daswin sadi ke arab musannifin balochon ka zikr umooman "Balus" ki surat mein karte hain. Is mauzu par hum terahwin baab mein wapas aayenge. Bosworth ke bakaul Makuran mein Maadan khandan Kech se hukumat karta tha.

Raste aur fasle

Jughrafiya daanon ki asal dilchaspi raston mein thi. Le Strange ke mutabiq Ibn Khurdadhbeh Kerman ki sarhad par waqe Fahraj se Makuran ke daarul-hukumat Fanzbur tak chaudah manzilein ginwata hai; Tiz se paanch manzil mein Kech aur wahan se do manzil mein Fanzbur pahuncha jata tha; aur Fanzbur se Debal tak chaudah manzilein shumar hoti thin. Muqaddasi ne Qusdar se Kerman ki taraf, Bam ke mashriq tak ka rasta darj kiya hai, aur raston ki fehriston mein Qusdar se Qandabil aur Kizkanan, wahan se Sibi aur Mastung, aur Multan aur Mansura tak ke fasle bhi milte hain. Jhalawan Gazetteer ke mutabiq bhi Khuzdar Multan, Makuran aur Qandahar se aane wale raston ka sangam tha.

Qiqan kahan tha?

Nawein baab mein hum ne Baladhuri ki "Futuh al-Buldan" mein Qiqan ka naam parha tha, jahan Harith bin Murra Abdi aur Abdullah bin Siwar jaise arab salar mare gaye. Yeh Qiqan kahan tha? Le Strange likhte hain ke Kizkanan ya Kikan raston ki fehriston mein apne maqam ki bina par aaj ke Kalat ke maqam par maloom hota hai. Bosworth, Marquart ke hawale se, Kizkanan, Kikanan aur Qiqan ko ek hi maqam ke naam samajhte hain aur ise Turan ke ilaqe ka shehar batate hain jo ghaliban baad ke Kalat ki jagah tha; Iranica ke mazmoon "Makuran" mein woh Ziyad bin Abiya ke daur ki arab muhim ko "Qiqan/Kizkanan" tak pahunchne wali muhim likhte hain. Minorsky ne "Hudud al-Alam" ke hashiye mein kitab ke "Kijkanan" ko Kizkanan qarar diya, ise sawalia nishan ke saath Baladhuri ke Qiqan se milaya aur ghaliban Kalat bataya. Doosri taraf Balochistan Gazetteer Kikan ko aaj ke Nal se jorta hai. Taham in sab shanakhton ki bunyad raston ke fasle hain, khudai nahin.

Bosworth ke mutabiq 366H976–977 mein Sabuktigin ne Qusdar ke hakim ko Ghazni ka bajguzar banaya, aur Mahmud Ghaznavi aur Masud ne 402H1011 aur 421H1030 mein is bajguzari ko qaim rakhne ke liye lashkar bheje. Yun jughrafiya daanon ka Turan agli sadi mein Ghaznaviyon ki bajguzar riyasat ban jata hai.

Daswin sadi ke yeh matan mukhtasar hain aur ek doosre se naql bhi kiye gaye hain, magar in mein Balochistan ka pehla aisa naqsha milta hai jis mein shehr, raste aur paidawar ek saath dikhai dete hain: pahadon mein Qusdar aur Kizkanan, maidan mein Qandabil, sahil par Tiz aur Kech, aur in sab ke darmiyan Khurasan, Kerman aur Sindh ko milane wale raste.

Agle itwar: Ghaznavi aur Ghori daur: jab Qusdar aur Makuran Ghazni ke zer-e-asar aaye.

Maakhaz

Clifford Edmund Bosworth, "ṬURAN", Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, 2011 (updated 2013) (Ebn Ḥawqal's 15 stages; Moqaddasi p. 486, 80 farsakhs; the ruler "Muʿtazz (Maʿmar, Moḡir, Moʿin?) b. Aḥmad"; Ḥudud al-ʿAlam towns). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turan/
Clifford Edmund Bosworth, "MAKRAN", Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, 2011 (updated 2012) (paniḏ; Ḥudud al-ʿAlam on Tiz and Kij; Qiqan/Kizkanan; the Maʿdan family; 366/976–7). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/makran/
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Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VI: Sarawan, Kachhi and Jhalawan, 1907: Kachhi, p. 14 (Kandabil, capital of Budha, ten marches from Multan; Kaikan = Nal); Jhalawan, pp. 34–35 (Khuzdar chief town of Turan; Muin bin Ahmad). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22668/page/n336 (Kachhi p. 14) · /page/n580 (Jhalawan p. 34)
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