Ghaznavi aur Ghori daur

Atemad E-Magazine 17 October 2026 · 11 minute ka mutalia

Pichhle baab mein hum ne Arab jughrafiya danon ki aankh se Qiqan, Qusdar aur Turan ko dekha. Isi daswin sadi eesvi ke aakhir mein in ilaqon par ek nayi taqat ka saya padta hai: Ghazna ke Turk sardar Sabuktigin aur un ke bete Mahmud Ghaznavi ki saltanat. Is baab mein hum dekhein ge ke Ghaznavi aur phir Ghori hukmranon ne Balochistan ke do bare markazon, Qusdar aur Kech Makuran, se kya taalluq rakha.

Sabuktigin aur Qusdar

Qusdar (aaj ka Khuzdar) is zamane mein Turan ke ilaqe ka ek aham shehar tha. Clifford Bosworth (Clifford Edmund Bosworth) Encyclopaedia Iranica ke maqale "Turan" mein likhte hain ke baad ke makhaz mein poore ilaqe ke liye Qusdar hi ka naam reh gaya, aur yahi naam aaj ke Khuzdar mein zinda hai. Un ke mutabiq Sabuktigin ne 366 H / 976 se 977 mein Qusdar ke hakim ko baj guzar banaya. Muhammad Nazim ki kitab "Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna" mein bhi yahi likha hai ke Sabuktigin ne apne ehd ke aaghaz hi mein Bust aur Qusdar ko apni saltanat mein shamil kar liya tha.

Is waqiye ka sab se purana bayan Utbi ki "Tarikh-e-Yamini" mein milta hai, jo Sultan Mahmud ke ek hum asr ki likhi hui Arabi tarikh hai. Utbi ke baqaul Amir Sabuktigin ne achanak hamla kar ke Qusdar ke hakim ko qaid kar liya, magar phir us ke sath narmi barti, use us ke ilaqe par bahal rakha aur us par har saal ek muqarrara baj lazim kar diya, is hukm ke sath ke sikkon par Amir ka naam ho.

Mahmud Ghaznavi ki Qusdar muhim

Magar yeh sulah zyada der na chali. Utbi hi likhta hai ke Qusdar ke hakim ne baad mein sarkashi dikhai aur wajib raqam rok li, jis par Sultan Mahmud ko dobara us par chargahai karna pari. Bosworth ke mutabiq yeh muhim 402 H / 1011 mein hui; Qusdar pehle hi Sabuktigin ka baj guzar tha, magar ab us ke sarkash hakim par Ghaznavi ikhtiyar zyada sakhti se manwaya gaya aur use bhari tawan ada karna para. Bosworth apne maqale "Ibtidai Ghaznavi" (Cambridge History of Iran) mein likhte hain ke is hakim ka naam kisi makhaz mein nahin milta aur us ne Ghazna ke dushman Qarakhaniyon se rabta karne ki koshish ki thi. Muhammad Nazim ke mutabiq Sultan ne use baj guzar sardar ki haisiyat se apne mulk par qaim rehne diya. Muhammad Nazim ne apni kitab mein "Sultan Mahmud aur Qusdar ka hakim" ke naam se alag baab likha hai.

Samani daur ke aakhir ya Ghaznavi daur ke aaghaz ki mashhoor Farsi shaira Rabia bint Kaab Quzdari ki nisbat bhi isi Qusdar ki taraf hai; Czech muhaqqiq Jan Rypka ke baqaul un ke bare mein haqaiq kam aur kahaniyan zyada maloom hain.

Sistan: parosi se suba

Balochistan ka maghribi parosi Sistan us waqt Saffari khandan ke aakhri bare amir Khalaf bin Ahmad ke hath mein tha, jis ne Iranica ke mutabiq 352 H / 963 se 393 H / 1003 tak hukumat ki. 393 H / 1003 mein Sultan Mahmud Sistan mein dakhil hua, Khalaf ko shikast di aur qaid kar ke apne ilaqe mein le gaya, jahan us ka intiqal hua. Bosworth likhte hain ke yun Sistan Ghaznavi saltanat ka suba ban gaya aur Saffari khandan khatam ho gaya.

Makuran aur Madani khandan

Makuran ki kahani Qusdar se kuch mukhtalif hai. Bosworth Iranica ke maqale "Makuran" mein likhte hain ke nawin sadi ke aakhir aur daswin sadi ke aaghaz tak Makuran ke halat ke bare mein amlan kuch maloom nahin; isi zamane mein yahan ka hakim Isa bin Madan Sistan ke Saffariyon ka baj guzar bana. Madan ka khandan Kech se hukumat karta tha, aur Yaqut ne Istakhri ke hawale se likha hai ke daswin sadi ke wasat mein bhi Isa wahin bar-sar-e-iqtidar tha. Kech us waqt Makuran ke chand shehri markazon mein se ek aur us ke "mulk" ka markaz tha.

Ghaznavi daur ke makhaz, khaas taur par Bayhaqi ki "Tarikh-e-Bayhaqi", Makuran par zyada roshni dalte hain. Bosworth ke mutabiq 416 H / 1025 se 1026 mein Madani khandan ke andar jaanasheeni ka jhagra utha aur Sultan Mahmud ne is mein mudakhilat ki. Phir Mahmud ke bete Masud ne 421 H / 1030 mein (Cambridge History mein 422 H / 1031) apne chacha Yusuf bin Sabuktigin ki qiyadat mein ek aur lashkar bheja; Kech loota gaya aur Masud ka himayat yafta Abul Askar wahan ka hakim bana diya gaya. Cambridge History ke mutabiq yahi lashkar Makuran jane se pehle Qusdar gaya, jis ka hakim do baras ka baj roke baitha tha, taake us ki baj guzari qaim rahe. Bosworth ka khulasa yeh hai ke is ke baad hamein Makuran ke waqiat ki bohat kam khabar milti hai; jo kuch milta hai woh zyada tar baj wasool karne ke liye Ghazna se bheji gayi tadibi muhimmon ka zikr hai, aur Makuran zahiran us waqt tak Ghaznavi baladasti mein raha jab tak Ghoriyon ne barhwin sadi ke aakhir mein is khandan ka khatma na kar diya.

Ghaznaviyon ka zawal, Ghoriyon ka urooj

Barhwin sadi eesvi mein Ghaznavi saltanat simat kar Punjab tak reh gayi thi aur us ka daar-ul-hukumat Lahore tha, aur wasti Afghanistan ke pahari ilaqe Ghor ke Shansbani hukmran us ki jagah le rahe the. Bosworth Iranica ke maqale "Ghori" mein likhte hain ke Muizuddin Muhammad, jinhein hum Sultan Muhammad Ghori ke naam se jante hain, 569 H / 1173 se 1174 se Ghazna mein Sultan ke laqab ke sath muqeem hue aur wahin se darra-e-Gomal ke raste Hindustan par hamle shuru kiye. 570 H / 1175 mein unhon ne Multan aur Uch par qabza kiya, aur 578 H / 1182 mein zareen Sindh ke Soomra hukmranon ne bhi un ki baladasti maan li. Idhar un ke bare bhai Ghiyasuddin ne maghrib mein Sistan yaani Nimroz ke mulkon aur Kerman ke Saljuqiyon tak apni baladasti phaila di. 582 H / 1186 mein Lahore ka muhasira hua, aakhri Ghaznavi hukmran Khusrau Malik ne hathyar dale aur mazool kar diya gaya. Yun Bosworth ke alfaz mein Ghori Afghanistan aur shimal maghribi Hindustan mein Ghaznaviyon ke waris ban gaye.

Yun Qusdar aur Makuran ke donon taraf, shimal mein Ghazna aur mashriq mein Multan, Uch aur Sindh, ab ek hi Ghori saltanat ke hath mein the. Magar Ghori daur mein Kech Makuran ya Qusdar ke andaruni halat ke bare mein makhaz khamosh hain. Ghoriyon ki sab se tafseeli tarikh Minhaj Siraj Juzjani ki "Tabaqat-e-Nasiri" hai jo 1260 ke lag bhag mukammal hui, magar Makuran ke kisi Ghori hakim ka naam hamein dastiyab tehqeeq mein nahin mila.

Khwarazm Shah aur Mongol: ek ehd ka khatma

Ghoriyon ki saltanat zyada arse na chali. Bosworth ke baqaul ek hi nasl ke andar yeh saltanat Khwarazm Shahon ke hath mein chali gayi, aur phir Khwarazm Shahon par Mongol toot pare. Aakhri Khwarazm Shah Jalaluddin Mankbarni darya-e-Sindh paar kar ke Hindustan chala gaya aur koi teen baras wahan larta raha. Iranica ke mutabiq 1224 mein woh Hindustan se maghribi Iran jate hue Kerman se guzra aur wahan ke naye hakim Baraq Hajib ko, jis ne 1222 se 1235 tak Kerman par hukumat ki, apna naib tasleem kar liya. Iranica hi ke mutabiq darya-e-Sindh paar karte waqt woh apne koi char hazar sipahi bacha kar le gaya tha. Juwaini ki "Tarikh-e-Jahan Gusha", jis ka angrezi tarjuma John Andrew Boyle (John Andrew Boyle) ne 1958 mein kiya, batati hai ke jab khabar aayi ke Mongol lashkar us ke peechhe aa raha hai to woh Sindh ki bandargah Debal se Makuran ke raste rawana hua, aur namuafiq aab o hawa ki wajah se us ke bohat se aadmi raste mein mar gaye.

Yun terhwin sadi ke aaghaz tak woh silsila toot gaya jo Sabuktigin ke zamane se Qusdar aur Makuran ko Ghazna se jore hue tha. Dhai sau baras tak yeh ilaqe kisi saltanat ka markaz nahin balke us ke baj guzar kinare rahe: hakim muqami the aur lashkar bahar se aate the. Magar is ke baad ki sadiyon mein, Bosworth ke alfaz mein, Iran ki taraf se janub mashriq ko barhte hue Baloch qabail Makuran mein abad ho rahe the. Yeh woh tabdeeli hai jis ne is khitte ka naam aur us ki shanakht badal di.

Agle itwar: Baloch qabail ki aamad: Kerman se Makuran tak, jahan hum dekhein ge ke Balochon ke naam aur un ki hijrat ke bare mein qadeem makhaz aur jadeed muhaqqiqin kya kehte hain.

Makhaz

C. E. Bosworth, "ṬURAN", Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, published 11 February 2011 (Quṣdar replacing the name Ṭuran and surviving as Khozdar; Sebuktegin's tribute from Quṣdar, printed there as "366/966-67", a misprint for 976–77; Maḥmud's and Masʿud's expeditions of 402/1011 and 421/1030). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turan/
C. E. Bosworth, "MAKRAN", Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, published 11 February 2011 (Kij as seat of the ruler; ʿIsa b. Maʿdan; Quṣdar under Sebuktegin "as early as 366/976-7"; the expeditions of 416/1025-26 and 421/1030, Abu'l-ʿAskar; Ghaznavid suzerainty until the Ghurids; Baluch settlement in the following centuries). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/makran/
C. E. Bosworth, "MAḤMUD B. SEBUKTEGIN", Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, published 21 December 2012 (Quṣdar indemnity of 402/1010–11, citing ʿOtbi tr. pp. 321–22; Makran succession dispute 416–17/1025–26, citing Bayhaqi pp. 313–18; Ḵalaf of Sistan defeated 393/1002–3). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mahmud-b-sebuktegin/
C. E. Bosworth, "GHURIDS", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. X, fasc. 6, 2001, pp. 586–590 (Moʿezz-al-Din at Ghazna 569/1173–74, Gomal Pass, Multan and Uch 570/1175, Sumeras 578/1182, Ḡiaṯ-al-Din over Sistan and Kerman). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids/
C. E. Bosworth, "GHAZNAVIDS", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. X, fasc. 6, 2001, pp. 578–583 (last rulers reduced to the Punjab, capital at Lahore; surrender of Ḵosrow Malek 582/1186; Ghurid succession "within a generation" lost to the Ḵᵛarazmsahs). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghaznavids/
C. E. Bosworth, "SAFFARIDS", Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, 2000 (Maḥmud's annexation of Sistan 393/1003, end of the Saffarid house), and "ḴALAF B. AḤMAD", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. XV, fasc. 4, 2010, pp. 362–363 (reign 352/963–393/1003; death in captivity 399/1009). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/saffarids/ · https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kalaf-b-ahmad-b-mohammad-abu-ahmad/
C. E. Bosworth, "JALAL-AL-DIN ḴᵛARAZMSAH(I) MENGUBIRNI", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. XIV, fasc. 4, 2008, pp. 404–405 (some 4,000 troops across the Indus, three years in India, passage through Kerman 1224, Baraq Ḥajeb r. 1222–35). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jalal-al-din-kvarazmsahi-mengbirni/
C. E. Bosworth, "The Early Ghaznavids", in R. N. Frye (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 4, Cambridge University Press, 1975, ch. 5: p. 166 (Qusdar added soon after Sebuktegin's accession in 366/977), p. 175 (402/1011 expedition; the ruler "nowhere named" and in contact with the Qarakhanids; Maʿdan's death 416/1025-6 and the dispute of ʿIsa and Abu'l-Muʿaskar), p. 189 (Yusuf b. Sebuk-Tegin against the governor of Qusdar, "two years behind with his tribute", then Makran, 422/1031). https://archive.org/details/bosworth-1975-early-ghaznavids/page/n4 · /page/n11 · /page/n27
Muhammad Nazim, The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna, Cambridge University Press, 1931: p. 29 (Subuktigin "added Bust and Qusdar to his kingdom" in the first year or two after his accession), p. 74 ("Sultan Mahmud and the Ruler of Qusdar": tribute withheld, siege in 402, ruler kept "as a feudatory chieftain"), pp. 79–80 ("Sultan Mahmud and the Rulers of Mukran"). https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2481/page/n42 · /page/n89 · /page/n94
Al-ʿUtbi, The Kitab-i-Yamini: Historical Memoirs of the Amir Sabaktagin and the Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna, translated by James Reynolds, Oriental Translation Fund, London, 1858: pp. 32–33 (Sabaktagin's capture of Kasdar; "through his gentle and humane disposition" the prince confirmed with "a fixed tribute, to be paid year by year"), pp. 375–77 ("Account of the Capture of Kasdar": the prince's rebellion "by intercepting money", submission and payment). https://archive.org/details/kitabiyaminihist00alut/page/n69 · /page/n412
Jan Rypka, "History of Persian Literature up to the Beginning of the 20th Century", in J. Rypka et al., History of Iranian Literature, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1968, p. 144 ("More sagas than facts are known about Rabi'a … bint Ka'b-i Quzdari Balkhi", end of Samanid or beginning of Ghaznavid era). https://archive.org/details/rypka-1968-persian-lit/page/n84
Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani, Ṭabaḳat-i-Naṣiri: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia, translated by H. G. Raverty, Bibliotheca Indica, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1881, 2 vols. (the main Ghurid chronicle, closed in 658 H./1260: title page and translator's preface, vol. I; cited for its status only). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.23988/page/n5 · https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.23989
ʿAlaʾ-al-Din ʿAṭa-Malik Juvaini, The History of the World-Conqueror, translated by John Andrew Boyle, Manchester University Press, 1958, vol. II, p. 417 (Jalal-al-Din leaves Deval "by way of Makran, numbers of his men perishing on account of the unhealthy climate", then reaches Baraq Hajib in Kerman). https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3132/page/n61
C. E. Bosworth, "Rulers of Makran and Quṣdar in the Early Islamic Period", Studia Iranica 23/2 (1994), pp. 199–209, DOI 10.2143/si.23.2.2014304.

Balochistan: Tareekh ka Safar: tamam tehreerein →