Humayun ka Balochistan se guzar

Atemad E-Magazine 17 October 2026 · 13 minute ka mutalia

Pichhle baab mein hum ne dekha ke solhwin sadi eesvi mein Kandahar Mughalon aur Safaviyon ke darmiyan khinchaa tani ka maidan ban gaya tha, aur Shaal (aaj ka Quetta) aur Mastung ke ilaqe isi khinchaa tani ke kinare par waqe the. Isi sadi ke wast mein ek aisa waqia hua jis ne is khitte ko Mughal tareekh ke ek nazuk mor se jor diya. 1543 mein Hindustan ka mazool badshah Humayun, apni saltanat kho kar, thore se sathiyon ke sath Sindh se nikla aur Sevi, Mastung aur Shaal ke raste Kandahar ki sarhad tak pahuncha, jahan se woh Iran ki taraf bhaga aur apna ek saal ka beta peechhe chhor gaya.

Teen rawi

Is waqie ke teen bunyadi maakhaz hain. Pehla Humayun ki behan Gulbadan Begum ki “Humayun Nama” hai jo unhon ne shahi hukm par, ghaliban apne bhatije Akbar ke kehne par, likhi; Annette Beveridge (Annette Beveridge) ne 1902 mein is ka angrezi tarjuma shaya kiya. Doosra Humayun ke aftabchi, yaani wuzu ka pani aur bartan sambhalne wale khadim, Jauhar ki “Tazkirat-ul-Waqiat” hai jis ka tarjuma Charles Stewart (Charles Stewart) ne 1832 mein kiya; is kitab ka ek baab “Sindh se Kandahar ki taraf, 950 Hijri / 1543” ke unwan se isi safar par hai. Teesra Abul Fazl ka “Akbar Nama” hai jis ki pehli jild, Henry Beveridge (Henry Beveridge) ke tarjume mein, Akbar ki paidaish aur Humayun ki jala watani ka haal bayan karti hai. Unneesvin sadi mein William Erskine (William Erskine) ne, jis ki tareekh 1854 mein us ki wafat ke baad chhapi, inhi maakhazon se Humayun ki mufassal tareekh murattab ki.

Sindh mein do baras

1539 aur 1540 mein Sher Shah Suri se shikast kha kar Humayun maghribi Hindustan ki taraf nikal gaya. Malleson (Malleson) ke baqaul january 1541 tak woh Sindh mein ek bhagore ki haisiyat se mojood tha, jahan Arghun khandan ka Shah Hussain hukmran tha. Shah Hussain ne taal matol se kaam liya aur madad na ki, aur Humayun ke muhasire be nateeja rahe. Elphinstone (Elphinstone) likhta hai ke aakhir Shah Hussain, jo kisi bhi shart par is mehman se jaan chhudana chahta tha, is baat par razi hua ke agar Humayun fauran Kandahar ki taraf rawana ho jaye to woh us ke safar mein madad dega.

Isi dauran, 1541 mein, Humayun ne Hamida Bano Begum se shadi ki, jinhein baaz maakhaz Hindal Mirza ke ustad Sheikh Ali Akbar Jami ki beti batate hain. Gulbadan Begum likhti hain ke Hamida Bano pehle is rishte par razi na thin. Yehi Hamida Bano agle do baras ke sare safar mein Humayun ke sath rahin.

Umar Kot: Akbar ki paidaish

Sindh mein bhatakte hue Humayun registan ke kinare Umar Kot pahuncha. Akbar Nama ke mutabiq yahin 5 Rajab 949 Hijri ko, yaani 15 october 1542 ko, Hamida Bano ke batn se Akbar paida hua. Jauhar ek yaadgar manzar bayan karta hai: Humayun us waqt Umar Kot se door lashkar ke sath tha. Bete ki paidaish ki khabar mili to us ke paas bantne ko kuchh na tha. Us ne mushk ka ek nafa tor kar sathiyon mein banta aur kaha ke us ke paas yehi tohfa hai, aur dua ki ke jaise is mushk ki khushbu phailti hai waise hi is bachche ka naam duniya mein phaile.

Sindh se Sevi, Mastung aur Shaal tak

Malleson ke baqaul july 1543 mein Humayun Sindh chhorne par majboor hua aur biwi, bete aur thore se sathiyon ke sath Kandahar pahunchne ke irade se rawana hua; Akbar Nama rawangi ki tareekh 11 july 1543 deta hai. Lekin Kandahar us waqt us ke bhai Kamran Mirza ke qabze mein tha; Gazetteer of Balochistan ki jild “Sarawan” (1907) likhti hai ke 1530 se 1545 tak Kandahar ka soba Kamran Mirza ke paas raha. Gulbadan Begum ke bayan ke mutabiq Humayun ke mushiron Tardi Muhammad Khan aur Bairam Khan ki raye yeh thi ke shumal ki taraf, Kandahar ki sarhad par waqe Shaal Mastung ke siwa kahin aur jane ka faisla mumkin nahin.

Raste ke bare mein Jauhar likhta hai ke Sehwan ke baad qafila Fatehpur Gandawa pahuncha, phir khare pani ke parao aur ek khule maidan se guzar kar Mastung pahuncha; Gulbadan Begum Sevi (Sibi) ke qareeb se guzarne ka zikr karti hain. Gazetteer “Sarawan” mein darj hai ke 1543 ke mausam-e-garma mein Humayun Hindustan se paspai ke dauran Sibi ke raste Shaal Mastung pahuncha, lekin Gulbadan Begum aur Jauhar donon is safar mein barf aur sakht sardi ka zikr karte hain, aur Annette Beveridge ke hashiye ke mutabiq yeh waqia 950 Hijri ke aakhir (1543) ka hai. Gazetteer ki jild “Quetta Pishin” (1907) bhi apne tareekhi baab mein Humayun ke 1543 mein Quetta aane ka zikr karti hai. Is safar mein Humayun ka ek Baloch sardar se bhi samna hua, jis ka zikr aage aata hai.

Shaal ki raat: beta peechhe reh gaya

Shaal mein Humayun ko khabar mili ke us ka bhai Askari Mirza, jo Kamran Mirza ki taraf se Kandahar ka hakim tha, ek badi fauj le kar qareeb pahunch chuka hai. Malleson likhta hai ke Humayun ke liye fauri farar ke siwa koi rasta na tha. Woh Hamida Bano aur thore se logon ke sath lashkar gah se nikal gaya, aur ek saal ka Akbar, jise is tez raftar farar mein sath le jana mumkin na samjha gaya, apne khadimon ke sath khaime mein reh gaya. Askari Mirza ne lashkar gah pahunch kar bachche ko apni tehweel mein liya aur use Kandahar pahuncha diya. Humayun ka chhota sa qafila barf mein raat guzar kar paharon mein Balochon ki ek basti tak pahuncha. Gulbadan Begum aur Jauhar donon likhte hain ke wahan ke Baloch sardar ko Kamran Mirza ki taraf se Humayun ko pakar lene ka hukm mila tha, magar us ne aisa na kiya; Jauhar is sardar ka naam “Malik Khutti” (Mulk Khutty) likhta hai aur kehta hai ke woh Humayun ko pandrah kos tak, apne ilaqe ki hadd tak, hifazat se chhor aaya.

Gulbadan Begum aage chal kar likhti hain ke 1545 mein, jab Askari Mirza ko Humayun ki wapsi ki khabar mili, to us ne Akbar ko Kandahar se Kabul Kamran Mirza ke paas bhej diya; Annette Beveridge apne muqaddame mein likhti hain ke sab tareekhein Kandahar se is barfani safar ka zikr karti hain jo Akbar ne apni sauteli behan, Humayun ki beti Bakhshi Bano, ke sath kiya, ek ki umar teen baras se kam aur doosri ki char ke qareeb thi.

Iran, Kandahar aur wapsi

Shaal se nikal kar Humayun 1544 mein Iran pahuncha. Encyclopaedia Iranica ke mutabiq Herat ke Safavi hakim ne shahi farman ke tehat us ki khatir madarat ki, phir woh Mashhad, Nishapur, Sabzawar aur Qazvin se hota hua Sultaniya mein Shah Tahmasp se mila. Shah ne use das hazar sawaron ka dasta diya taake woh Kandahar aur Kabul apne bhaiyon se wapas le. Iranica hi likhta hai ke 25 Jumada us-Sani 952 Hijri / 3 september 1545 ko Kandahar Askari Mirza se wapas liya gaya aur, muahide ke mutabiq, ek nau umar Safavi shahzade ke hawale kiya gaya; Bairam Khan is fatah mein apni khidmat ke sile mein 1545 se 1554 tak Kandahar ka hakim raha. November 1545 mein, jab Humayun Kabul mein dakhil hua, to do baras ki judai ke baad Akbar dobara apne walid se mila; Hamida Bano ko baad mein Kandahar se bulaya gaya, aur Gulbadan Begum Kabul mein Akbar ke khatne ke jashn ka manzar khas taur par bayan karti hain.

Gazetteer ki jildein “Sarawan” aur “Quetta Pishin”, Erskine aur Iranica sab ek aur baat likhte hain: wapsi ke baad Humayun ne, riwayat ke mutabiq, Shaal aur Mastung ke ilaqe ek Baloch sardar Lawang Khan ko diye; Gazetteer ke baqaul tareekh yeh nahin batati ke yeh shakhs kaun tha. Baad mein Akbar ke zamane ki “Ain-e-Akbari” mein Shaal aur Pishin Kandahar ki sarkar ke hisse ke taur par darj hain jo Mughal hukumat ko fauji khidmat aur mahsool faraham karte the.

Mir Chakar aur Humayun: ek riwayat

Baloch qabaili riwayat mein Humayun ka naam ek aur tarah bhi aata hai. Dames (Dames) ne apni kitab “The Baloch Race” (1904) mein likha hai ke riwayat ke mutabiq Mir Chakar Rind baad mein Humayun ke Delhi ki taraf march mein shamil hue aur aakhirkar Punjab ke zile Montgomery mein Satgarha mein abad hue, jahan un ka mazar aaj bhi mojood hai. Humayun ki yeh wapsi 1555 mein hui, jab woh Suri hukmranon ko shikast de kar dobara Delhi ke takht par baitha. Dames is baat ko riwayat hi ke taur par darj karte hain, aur 1543 ke safar ke jo bayanat upar guzre un mein Mir Chakar ka naam hamein nahin milta. Is liye in donon baaton ko alag alag dekhna chahiye: pehla waqia Mughal tareekhon mein darj hai, doosra qabaili riwayat mein mahfooz hai.

Humayun ka Balochistan se guzar chand mahinon ka waqia tha, magar us ne is khitte ko Mughal tareekh ke ek nazuk mor se jor diya: woh bachcha jo Shaal ke khaime mein peechhe reh gaya, aage chal kar Akbar-e-Azam bana. Agli sadi mein Balochistan ki apni ek riyasat ubharne wali thi.

Agle itwar: Khanate-e-Kalat ka qiyam, jis se is silsile ka hissa soam: Khanate-e-Kalat shuru hota hai.

Maakhaz

Gulbadan Begam, The History of Humayun (Humayun-nama), translated with introduction and notes by Annette S. Beveridge, Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund New Series, London, 1902: royal order to write, p. 83; introduction on Akbar's winter journey with Bakhshi-banu ("All the histories tell of his wintry journey from Qandahar"), p. 37; Shah Husain's delays and hostility, pp. 148–152; Hamida's resistance and marriage (Jumada I 948/1541), pp. 149–151; the Siwi (Sibi) approach, pp. 163–164; Tardi Muhammad Khan and Bairam Khan advising "Shal-mastan, the frontier of Qandahar", flight and Akbar left behind, pp. 165–166; the Baluch chief, pp. 167–168; Akbar sent to Kabul (1545), p. 174 and n. 4; circumcision feast, p. 179; Appendix on Bakhshi-banu, p. 214, and on Hamida's father, p. 237. Scan: https://archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich (e.g. p. 165: https://archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich/page/n198)
Jauhar Aftabchi, The Tezkereh al Vakiat; or, Private Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Humayun, translated by Charles Stewart, Oriental Translation Fund, London, 1832: birth of Akbar and the musk, pp. 44–45; chapter XIII, "His Majesty marches from Sinde, and proceeds towards Candahar. A.H. 950. — A.D. 1543", pp. 49–53 (route via Sehwan and Fatehpur Gandava to "Salmustan or Mustung", p. 51; Akbar left and taken to Kandahar, p. 52; the Baluch chief "Mulk Khutty", p. 53). Scan: https://archive.org/details/tezkerehalvakiat00jawhuoft (p. 53: https://archive.org/details/tezkerehalvakiat00jawhuoft/page/n68)
Abu'l-Fazl, The Akbarnama, vol. I, translated by H. Beveridge, Asiatic Society of Bengal (Bibliotheca Indica), Calcutta, 1907 (scan of the 2000 reprint): Akbar's birth on 5 Rajab 949 / Sunday 15 October 1542, with Beveridge's note on Gulbadan's 4 Rajab, p. 54; departure from Jun "for Qandahar via Siwi (Sibi) on 7th Rabi'u-l-akhir, 950 (11th July, 1543)", p. 389; Shal and Mastung, Askari's advance and Humayun's flight, pp. 390–392. Scan: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55648 (p. 389: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55648/page/n400)
William Erskine, A History of India under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Baber and Humayun, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, London, 1854: vol. I, "Notice" on the late Mr. Erskine; vol. II, march to Shal-Mustung in the cold season, p. 266; entry into Kabul and reunion with Akbar (Nov. 1545), p. 325; Hamida's arrival and the circumcision, p. 326; "Lawang Baluch … was rewarded with the country of Shal and Mustung", p. 327. Scans: vol. II https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.82698 (p. 327: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.82698/page/n349); vol. I https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.512
G. B. Malleson, Rulers of India: Akbar and the Rise of the Mughal Empire, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1890 (scan of the 1894 printing): Humayun a fugitive in Sind, January 1541, p. 51; July 1543 departure, Askari near Shal, "immediate flight was necessary", child "only a year old", p. 53; Akbar conveyed to Kandahar, Askari its governor, p. 54. Scan: https://archive.org/details/akbarriseofmugha00mallrich
Mountstuart Elphinstone, The History of India, 2nd ed., vol. II, John Murray, London, 1843, book VII, chapter 2: Husain Arghun, "glad to get rid of him on any terms", agrees to help if Humayun sets out for Candahar, p. 146. Scan: https://archive.org/details/wbsl.15253 (https://archive.org/details/wbsl.15253/page/n181)
W. M. Thackston, "Homayun Padesah", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. XII, fasc. 4, 2004, pp. 437–439 (1544 journey to Iran, reception at Herat, meeting with Tahmasp at Soltaniya, recapture of Kandahar 25 Jumada II 952 / 3 September 1545 and its cession to a Safavid prince; Kabul 17 November 1545; Delhi entered 23 July 1555). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/homayun-padesah/
Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Bayram Khan" (governor of Qandahar 952/1545–961/1554 for his role in its conquest). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bayram-or-bayram-khan-mohammad-kan-e-kanan-an-illustrious-and-powerful-iranian-noble-at-the-court-of-the-mugh/
Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Baluchistan i. Geography, History and Ethnography" (Homayun "reputed to have given Shal (Quetta) and Mastung to a Baluch named Lawang Khan", citing Gazetteer V, p. 34). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-index/baluchistan-i/
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. V: Quetta-Pishin District, by R. Hughes-Buller assisted by Jamiat Rai, Scottish Mission Industries, Ajmer, 1907, history section, p. 33 (Kandahar under Kamran 1530–45; Humayun at Quetta in 1543; Lawang Khan, "who Lawang Khan was, history does not relate"; Shal and Pushang in the Kandahar Sarkar of the Ain-i-Akbari). Scan: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46886 (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46886/page/n55)
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vols. VI, VI-A and VI-B: Sarawan, Kachhi and Jhalawan, Times Press, Bombay, 1907, Sarawan history, pp. 83–84 (Kandahar under Kamran 1530–45; "in the summer of 1543, that Humayun came to Shal-Mastan via Sibi"; Akbar carried to Kandahar in December 1543; Lawang Khan). Scan: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22668 (p. 83: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22668/page/n47)
M. Longworth Dames, The Baloch Race: A Historical and Ethnological Sketch, Royal Asiatic Society Monographs vol. IV, London, 1904, pp. 44–45 (the legend that Chakur "joined Humayun afterwards on his march to Dehli, and at last settled down at Satgarha"; "no historical evidence of the fact"). Scan: https://archive.org/details/balochracehistor00damerich (https://archive.org/details/balochracehistor00damerich/page/n53)
Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Baluchistan, Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1908: "Baluchistan under Akbar", p. 13 (upper highlands in the sarkar of Kandahar in 1590); Quetta-Pishin District, p. 120 ("The Ain-i-Akbari mentions both Shal and Pishin as supplying military service and revenue to Akbar"). Scan: https://archive.org/details/ImperialGazetteerOfIndiaBaluchistan (p. 120: https://archive.org/details/ImperialGazetteerOfIndiaBaluchistan/page/n134)

Balochistan: Tareekh ka Safar: tamam tehreerein →