Brahui: ek zaban, ek moamma

Atemad E-Magazine 17 October 2026 · 9 minute ka mutalia

Pichle baab mein hum ne dekha ke Baloch qabail Kerman aur Makuran ki taraf se aate hue kis tarah is khitte mein abad hue. Magar Kalat ke gird pahaaron mein ek aur zaban bhi boli jati hai jo na Balochi jaisi hai, na Farsi jaisi, na Pashto jaisi. Yeh Brahui hai. Mahireen-e-lisaniyat ke mutabiq is ka rishta junubi Hind ki Dravidi zabanon, yaani Tamil, Telugu aur Kannada ke khandan se hai. Aur yahi woh sawal hai jise lag bhag ek sadi se "Brahui ka moamma" kaha jata hai: Dravidi khandan ki ek zaban Balochistan ke pahaaron mein kaise pahunchi, jab ke Bray ke alfaz mein yeh apne rishta daaron se sainkron meel door ek alag thalag jazira hai?

Zaban kahan boli jati hai

Encyclopaedia Iranica mein Josef Elfenbein (Josef Elfenbein) ke mazmoon "Brahui" ke mutabiq Brahui bolne walon ka bunyadi ilaqa ek tang patti hai jo Quetta ke kuch junub se shuru ho kar Noshki, Kalat aur Khuzdar se guzarti hui Lasbela tak jati hai, yaani wahi ilaqa jise tarikhi taur par Sarawan aur Jhalawan kaha jata hai. Elfenbein ke mutabiq zaban mein boliyon ka koi bara farq nahin; qabil-e-zikr farq bas "h" ki adaigi ka hai, jo shimal ke Sarawani aur junub ke Jhalawani bolne walon mein alag alag hai.

Bray ke mutabiq 1931 ki mardum shumari mein Balochistan mein 162,688 aur poore Hindustan mein sawa do lakh se kam Brahui shumar hue. Iranica ke mutabiq mardum shumariyon mein Brahui qabailiyon aur Brahui ko madri zaban kehne walon mein khalt malt hota raha hai.

European ahl-e-ilm ki nazar mein

Unneesvin sadi ke wasat mein Robert Caldwell (Robert Caldwell) ne apni mashhoor kitab "A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages" (1856) mein Dravidi zabanon ko Sanskrit se alag ek mustaqil khandan sabit kiya, magar Brahui ke bare mein un ka zehn poori tarah saaf na tha; woh ise Punjabi aur Sindhi ke makhaz se jorte aur is mein mehaz ek Dravidi unsur mante the. Iranica ke mutabiq is sawal ka pehla baqaida ilmi jawab German aalim Ernst Trumpp (Ernst Trumpp) ne 1880 mein diya; un ka maqala Bavaria ki Academy-e-Uloom ke mujalle mein chhapa aur ise Brahui par pehli science tehqeeq samjha jata hai. Iranica likhta hai ke Trumpp ne sabit kiya ke Brahui ki bunyad Dravidi hai, aur yun Caldwell ke shukook ka jawab diya, agarche Caldwell ki kitab ke 1913 ke edition mein bhi yeh shukook poori tarah door na hue.

Is ke baad sab se bara kaam British Hind ke ek afsar aur aalim Denys Bray (Denys Bray) ka hai. Un ki kitab "The Brahui Language" ka pehla hissa, jo taaruf aur qawaid par mushtamil hai, 1909 mein Calcutta se chhapa. 1913 mein Royal Asiatic Society ne un ki kitab "The Life History of a Brahui" shaya ki, jis mein Mirza Sher Muhammad ki bayan karda riwayat aur rusoom darj hain. 1934 mein Delhi se isi kitab ke mazeed hisse aaye: hissa doam ka unwan hi "The Brahui Problem" yaani "Brahui ka masla" tha aur hissa soam ek ishtiqaqi lughat. Iranica ke mutabiq yahin Bray ne is sawal ko yeh naam diya.

Zaban ki sakht

Iranica ke mutabiq Brahui mein ek, do aur teen ke liye apne yaani Dravidi ginti ke alfaz maujood hain — asit, irat aur musit — magar char aur is se aage ki tamam ginti Balochi se li gayi hai. Yaani zaban ka sab se bunyadi zakhira Dravidi hai aur is par sadiyon ke parosi ki ek moti teh chadhi hui hai.

Iranica mein Elfenbein ka mohtat andaza hai ke Brahui ke alfaz ka taqriban bees feesad Balochi se aaya hai, jabke asal Dravidi alfaz sirf pandrah feesad ke qareeb hain. Farsi aur Arabic ke alfaz bhi bari tadad mein hain, taqriban paintees feesad, aur Sindhi o Saraiki (Jatki) ka asar bhi zakhira-e-alfaz mein saaf hai, agarche Elfenbein ke baqaul yeh zaban ki gehri sakht tak nahin pahuncha. Elfenbein ke mutabiq Brahui ka Kurukh aur Malto ke sath Dravidi khandan ki shimali shakh se talluq ab khasi had tak sabit ho chuka hai.

Moamme ki do bari tauzihat

Ab asal sawal: yeh zaban yahan kaise aayi? Is par do bari aara hain, aur koi bhi tay shuda nahin.

Pehli raye, jise Iranica sab se aam nazariya kehta hai, yeh hai ke Brahui us Dravidi abadi ki baqiyat hain jo teesre hazara-e-qabl-e-masih mein shimal maghrib se Hindustan mein dakhil hui, aur jis ka ek hissa Sarawan aur Jhalawan hi mein reh gaya. Is raye ke baaz hamil, jin mein khud Bray bhi shamil the, ise Wadi-e-Sindh ki tehzeeb se bhi jorte hain, magar yeh jor takhmeeni hai kyunke, jaisa ke Bray ne khud likha, Wadi-e-Sindh ki muharon ki tehreer parhi nahin ja saki.

Doosri raye yeh hai ke Brahui bolne wale is ilaqe mein bohat baad mein aaye. Elfenbein ne apne maqale "A Periplus of the Brahui Problem" (1987) mein isi raye ke dalail diye. Iranica mein un ke apne mazmoon ke mutabiq French mahir Jules Bloch (Jules Bloch) ki 1924 mein pesh karda yeh raye zyada qabil-e-qabool hai ke Brahui maghribi Deccan se nisbatan haliya muhajir hain, jo ghaliban satvin sadi ke lag bhag chhote giroohon mein chal pade aur barahvin sadi ya is se kuch pehle Kalat ki bulandiyon tak aa gaye.

Tehreeri tarikh is sawal mein kam madad deti hai. Iranica ke mutabiq Brahuiyon ka pehla yaqeeni tehreeri zikr satrahvin sadi ki Mughal tehriron mein Khanate-e-Kalat ke hawale se milta hai, aur is se pehle ki tarikh qayas par mabni hai.

Jismani shawahid kya batate hain

Jismani shawahid bhi kuch tay nahin karte. Iranica ke mutabiq jismani taur par Brahui apne Jat aur Baloch parosiyon se bilkul alag nahin pehchane ja sakte, aur Imperial Gazetteer (1908) ke mutabiq Risley (Risley) ne paimaishon ki bunyad par unhen Balochon aur Afghanon ke sath "Turko-Irani" giroh mein rakha.

Magar yahan ehtiyat lazim hai: jismani ya jeniyati mushabihat zaban ke bare mein faisla nahin karti. Parosi abadiyon se mushabihat sadiyon ke sath rehne aur rishta dari ka nateeja bhi ho sakti hai, aur yeh dono tauzihat ke sath nibh sakti hai. Bray ne 1934 hi mein likha tha ke zaban bari aasani se nasl se alag ho kar ek qaum se doosri qaum mein muntaqil ho jati hai.

Qabaili riwayat aur apni shanakht

In ilmi mabahis ke mutawazi Brahui qabail ki apni riwayat bhi hain, jinhen British daur ke Balochistan District Gazetteer mein, masalan Jhalawan ki jild (1907) mein, darj kiya gaya. Yeh qabaili shajron aur darbar-e-Kalat ki yaadon par mabni hain, aur inhen riwayat hi ke taur par parhna chahiye, na ke lisani saboot ke taur par. Jhalawan ke Gazetteer mein darj hai ke Sarawan aur Jhalawan ki maujooda taqseem ghaliban atharvin sadi ke aaghaz mein Mir Abdullah Khan ke ahd mein qaim hui. Isi Gazetteer ke mutabiq "Jhalawan" Balochi lafz "jahl" yaani neeche ya junub se nikla hai aur "Sarawan" ka matlab upar ya shimal hai. Iranica ke mutabiq Khanate-e-Kalat ki taqat shuru se sarkarda Brahui qabail ke ittehadon aur sarparasti ke nizam par qaim thi. Khanate ki tafseel unneesvein baab mein aaye gi.

Likhne parhne ki riwayat

Brahui ki tehreeri riwayat Arabic rasm-ul-khat, khas taur par Urdu tarz-e-tehreer, par mabni hai. Iranica ke mutabiq ek mashhoor ibtidai Brahui tasneef "Tohfat-ul-Ajaib" hai, jise Mir Nasir Khan awwal ke darbar se wabasta Kandahari Mulla Malik Dad Ghurshin ne Farsi se Brahui mein tarjuma kiya; asal makhtuta ab gum bataya jata hai. Iranica ke mutabiq 1966 mein Quetta mein Brahui Academy qaim hui aur 1984 tak is ke naam taqriban pandrah kitaben aur dobara ishaatein thin.

Brahui ka moamma abhi hal nahin hua. Jis zaban ki ginti ke pehle teen alfaz junubi Hind ki taraf ishara karte hain aur baqi ginti parosi Balochi se aayi hai, woh apne andar khitte ki tarikh ka ek poora baab rakhti hai. Dayanat ka taqaza yahi hai ke hum kahen: do bari tauzihat maujood hain aur koi ek abhi faisla kun nahin.

Agle itwar: Mir Chakar Rind aur Rind–Lashari jangen.

Makhaz

Josef Elfenbein, "BRAHUI", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. IV, fasc. 4, pp. 433–443 (published 15 December 1989; online edition last updated 27 July 2018). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui/ (sections "Habitat", "Numbers", "Tribal life", "History", "Language", "Dialects", "Numerals", "Indo-Iranian influences on Brahui").
Denys de S. Bray, The Brahui Language, Part I: Introduction and Grammar, Superintendent Government Printing, India, Calcutta, 1909 (reprinted Quetta, 1972). Scan: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13132 (title page: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13132/page/n2) · another copy: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.232478
Denys Bray, The Life-History of a Brahui, Royal Asiatic Society, Prize Publication Fund vol. IV, London, 1913 (told by Mirza Sher Muhammad, Zahri; preface, p. v). Scan: https://archive.org/details/cu31924007927027 (title page: https://archive.org/details/cu31924007927027/page/n8; preface: /page/n10).
Denys de S. Bray, The Brahui Language, Part II: The Brahui Problem; Part III: Etymological Vocabulary, Delhi, 1934; second impression, Brahui Academy, Quetta, Publication No. 11, 1978. Scan of the 1978 reprint: https://archive.org/details/TheBrahuiLanguagePart2 (title and imprint: /page/n2, /page/n3; census figures: p. 1, /page/n30; "an island of Dravidian … severed from its kin by many hundred miles", the Indus question and the undeciphered seals, language and race: pp. 41–42, /page/n70 and /page/n71).
Ernst Trumpp, "Grammatische Untersuchungen uber die Sprache der Brahuis", Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munich, 1880 (print; cited through source 1).
Robert Caldwell, A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages, Harrison, London, 1856. Scan: https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.01421 (Brahui "derived from the same source as the Panjabi and Sindhi" but with "a Dravidian element": p. 23, https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.01421/page/n31; Dravidian languages independent of Sanskrit: p. 31, /page/n39).
Josef Elfenbein, "A Periplus of the 'Brahui Problem'", Studia Iranica 16/2 (1987), pp. 215–233, DOI 10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 (not opened; cited through source 1, whose bibliography wrongly lists it under Acta Iranica 16).
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VI-B: Jhalawan, Text and Appendices, Bombay Education Society's Press, Bombay, 1907 (names Sarawan and Jhalawan, and the tribal division under Mir Abdulla: p. 1; tribal traditions: chap. I, "Population", pp. 72 ff.). https://irrigation.sindh.gov.pk/files/Books//136.pdf
Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Baluchistan, Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1908 (articles compiled by R. Hughes-Buller): Risley's classification, p. 27; "Brahuis, The", pp. 89–91. Scan: https://archive.org/details/ImperialGazetteerOfIndiaBaluchistan (p. 27: /page/n41; pp. 89–90: /page/n103, /page/n104).

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