Baloch qabail ki aamad: Kerman se Makuran tak

Atemad E-Magazine 17 October 2026 · 9 minute ka mutalia

Pichhle baab mein hum ne Ghaznavi aur Ghori daur mein Balochistan ko badi saltanaton ke kinare par dekha. Isi zamane mein ek aur kahani khamoshi se chal rahi thi jis ne is sarzameen ko aaj ka naam diya: Baloch qabail ki aamad. Baloch kahan se aur kab aaye, is par mu’arrikh, maahireen-e-lisaniyat aur khud Baloch qabaili riwayat mukhtalif jawab dete hain. Hum har jawab is ke kehne wale ke naam ke sath pesh karenge aur kisi ek ko hatmi nahin kahenge.

Sab se purane hawale: "Kuch o Baloch"

Encyclopaedia Iranica mein Brian Spooner (Brian Spooner) likhte hain ke Baloch ka sab se qadeem maujood zikr ek Pahlavi tehreer "Shahristanha-e-Iran Shahr" mein hai, jo aathvin sadi eesvi ki hai magar ghaliban is se pehle ke mawad par mabni hai; is mein "Baloch" ko pahaadon ki saat khud mukhtar biraadriyon, yaani "Kofiyar", mein gina gaya hai. Spooner ke mutabiq Arab fatah ke waqt Baloch Kerman ke junoob mashriq mein rehte maloom hote hain.

Farsi razmiya "Shahnama" mein bhi yeh naam aata hai. Dames (M. Longworth Dames) ne 1904 ki kitab "The Baloch Race" mein woh ashaar naqal kiye hain jin mein Kaikaus ki fauj mein "Kuch o Baloch" aur Gilan ke sipahi shamil hain, aur Kaikhusro ki fauj mein Baloch daste ka sardar Ashkash hai. Magar Dames is se sirf yeh nateeja nikalte hain ke Baloch ka naam in purani dastanon mein maujood tha jin se Ferdowsi ne kaam liya, aur maahir-e-lisaniyat Josef Elfenbein (Josef Elfenbein) likhte hain ke Shahnama mein Naushirwan ke dushmanon mein "Kuch o Baloch" ka zikr tareekhi nahin ho sakta, kyunke Tabari in dushmanon mein Baloch ka naam nahin leta aur Ferdowsi ke tareekhi makhaz wahi hain jo Tabari ke the.

Daswin sadi eesvi ke Arab aur Farsi jughrafiya dan Baloch ko Kerman ke pahaadon mein rakhte hain, taqriban hamesha ek aur qaum "Qufs" ya "Kofich" (Farsi mein "Kuch") ke sath jod kar. Bosworth (C. E. Bosworth) ke mutabiq "Qufs" lafz "Kofichi" yaani "pahari" ki Arabi shakl hai, aur yeh log Koh-e-Baraz aur Khaleej-e-Oman ke darmiyan ke pahaadon mein abad the. "Hudud al-Alam" (372 Hijri982 eesvi) "Koh-e-Kofaj" ko saat pahaadon ka silsila batati hai jo Jiroft se samandar tak jata hai aur har pahaad ka apna sardar hai. Muqaddasi in logon ki zabaan ko naqabil-e-fahm aur Sindh ki zabaan jaisi batata hai, magar Bosworth is bayan ko mashkook samajhte hain. Bosworth zor dete hain ke sath likhe jane ke bawajood Qufs aur Baloch do alag qaumein thin, naslan aur ghaliban zabaan ke aitbar se bhi.

Azud ud-Daula ki Muhimmat

Bosworth ke mutabiq Buwaihi amir Azud ud-Daula ne 357 Hijri968 eesvi mein Kerman par qabza kiya. Iranica ke "Azud ud-Daula" ke mazmoon ke mutabiq Kuch o Baloch Kerman ke maqami hukmran khandan Al-e-Ilyas ke halif the aur unhon ne har markazi hukumat ko Kerman par poora qabu pane se roke rakha tha. Bosworth likhte hain ke Azud ud-Daula ne 360 Hijri ta 361 Hijri970 ta 972 eesvi mein Kofich aur Baloch par do hamle kiye, bohat se log mare gaye, Baloch pahaadon se nikal diye gaye aur un ki jagah kisan basaye gaye; in waqiat ka makhaz Ibn Athir ki "Al-Kamil" hai. Spooner ke alfaz mein Baloch shikast to kha gaye magar Ghaznavi aur Seljuk daur mein bhi hukumaton ke liye mushkil bane rahe.

Zabaan ki gawahi

Tareekh jahan khamosh hai wahan zabaan bolti hai. Elfenbein ke mutabiq Balochi apni asl mein ek "shumal maghribi" Irani zabaan hai, jis ka qareebi rishta Parthian, Kurdi, Tati aur Talishi se hai, go mustaar alfaz ne is ki lisani haisiyat ko dhundla diya hai. Isi bunyad par woh Balochi ka asl watan Bahira-e-Caspian (Bahira-e-Khazar) ke wasti hisse ke mashriq ya junoob mashriq mein kahin rakhte hain, aur likhte hain ke Balochon ki apni riwayat, ke woh satvin aathvin sadi eesvi mein maghrib se aaye, "tareekh ki ek bazgasht" rakhti hai. Spooner bhi mante hain ke jadeed Balochi ka shajra wazeh hai aur is mein "shumal maghribi" Irani qism ki khususiyat hain.

Kerman se Makuran: hijrat ka zamana

Baloch Kerman kaise pahunche, is par Spooner saaf likhte hain ke "maloom nahin". Albatta Kerman se mashriq ki taraf naql-e-makani ka khaka kuch wazeh hai. Spooner ke mutabiq Baloch panchvin sadi Hijrigyarahvin sadi eesvi mein Seljukon ki Kerman aamad ke lag bhag mashriq ki taraf, Makuran se bhi aage, barhna shuru hue; yeh silsila waqfe waqfe se jari raha aur badi naql-e-makaniyan chhatvin sadi Hijribarahvin sadi eesvi aur nauvin sadi Hijripandrahvin sadi eesvi mein huin. Elfenbein ki raye thori mukhtalif hai: un ke khayal mein yeh hijratein kai alag lehron mein aur kai sadiyon par phaili huin, aur baaz Seljukon ki Kerman aamad (taqriban 1060) se kafi pehle ki hain.

Qabaili riwayat: Halab se Kech tak

Baloch qabail ki apni riwayat, jo zyada tar razmiya shayari mein mehfooz hai, yeh kahani mukhtalif andaz mein sunati hai. Elfenbein likhte hain ke Balochi ki qadeem tareen nazmein Balochon ki Halab se pehli hijraton ki kahani kehti hain (un ka riwayati watan); riwayat ke mutabiq qabile Sistan aur Irani Balochistan se hote hue Kech pahunche, jo un ke milne ki markazi jagah bani aur jahan se woh aage bikhre. In nazmon ke bade qabile Rind aur Lashari hain. Dames ke mutabiq riwayat mein Mir Jalal Khan ke chaar bete Rind, Lashar, Hot aur Korai aur ek beti Jato thi, aur yehi paanch naam paanch bade qabilon ke bani mane jate hain. Dames ke baqaul riwayat yeh qabaili taqseem Mir Jalal Khan ki aakhri rasmon se jodti hai, jab bhaiyon ne yeh rasmein alag alag ada kin aur Kech mein paanch "Asrokh" (yadgari saibaan) bane. Elfenbein ke mutabiq naamon ki fehriston wali yeh "daftar shayari" ghaliban solahvin sadi tak purani hai.

Riwayat ke mutabiq Baloch Arab hain, Halab se aaye aur mashriq ki taraf nikle. Is par ahl-e-ilm ki raye mukhtalif hai. Spooner likhte hain ke is dawe ko "jon ka ton tasleem nahin kiya ja sakta". Elfenbein ke baqaul in nazmon mein Halab se aaghaz ka zikr "sarasar asatiri" hai aur tareekhi aitbar se un ka wahi hissa kaam ka hai jo Irani Balochistan pahunchne ke baad ke maqamat ka hai. Spooner ke nazdeek ek tawjeeh yeh hai ke kuch Arab giroh waqai Kerman ke mashriq ki is mili juli qabaili abadi mein shamil hue honge. Dames ne Arab, Rajput aur Turkman nasab ke nazariyon ka jaiza le kar Irani nasab ke nazariye ko durust qarar diya aur Colonel Mockler ke is nazariye ko, ke Rind darasal Arab "Alafi" qabile se hain, nakafi shawahid par mabni samjha.

Sindh aur Punjab ki taraf

Makuran mein yeh safar ruka nahin. Spooner ke mutabiq Sindh ki taraf Balochon ki naql-e-makani ka pehla record satvin aathvin sadi Hijriterahvin chaudahvin sadi eesvi ka hai. Un ke mutabiq nauvin sadi Hijripandrahvin sadi eesvi mein ek aur lehar Balochon ko junubi Punjab tak le gayi; yehi Mir Chakar Rind aur Mir Gohram Lashari ka zamana hai, jis ki kahani Kachhi ke gazetteer mein bhi darj hai aur pandrahvin baab mein tafseel se aayegi.

Yeh qissa is liye uljha hua hai ke is ka bada hissa us waqt hua jab koi mu’arrikh ise likh nahin raha tha. Hamare paas jughrafiya danon ke chand jumle, ek razmiya shayari, ek zabaan ki gawahi aur qabail ki yaaddasht hai; unhein sath rakh kar parhna hi is baab ka maqsad tha.

Agle itwaar: Brahui: ek zabaan, ek moamma, jo Balochistan ke wasat mein ek alag hi sawal khara karti hai.

Makhaz

Brian Spooner, "BALUCHISTAN i. Geography, History and Ethnography", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. III, fasc. 6, pp. 598–632 (1988; online edition updated 2016), sections 1 ("Introduction"), 3 ("The origins of the Baluch") and 5 (eastward migrations). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-i/
Josef Elfenbein, "BALUCHISTAN iii. Baluchi Language and Literature", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. III, fasc. 6, pp. 633–644 (1988; online edition), sections "The name", "Linguistic position" and "Historical ballads" [Sah-nama passage: "cannot be historical, since Ferdowsi's historical sources are known to be the same as those used by Ṭabari"]. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-iii/
Josef Elfenbein, "BALUCHISTAN iiia. Baluchi Poetry", Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, 2008 ["Their origins in Aleppo are quite mythical"]. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-iiia/
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C. Edmund Bosworth, "KERMAN v. History from the Islamic Conquest to the Coming of the Mongols", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. XVI, fasc. 3, pp. 276–280 (2017; online edition) (cites Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil, VIII, pp. 609, 613–14). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kerman-05-islamic-conquest/
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M. Longworth Dames, The Baloch Race: A Historical and Ethnological Sketch, Asiatic Society Monographs vol. IV, Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1904: pp. 7–10 (theories of origin; Mockler's ʿAlafi theory, p. 9 n. 1), pp. 26–27 (Shahnama passages), pp. 36–37 (Mir Jalal Khan, the five tribes, "five asrokhs in Kech"). https://archive.org/details/balochracehistor00damerich (p. 26: https://archive.org/details/balochracehistor00damerich/page/n35; p. 37: https://archive.org/details/balochracehistor00damerich/page/n46)
Abdul Basit Khan and Ayaz Muhammad, "Evolution of the Baloch Nationalism (Origin to 1947): A Historical Discourse", Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 55/1 (2018), pp. 1–3 (summarising Mir Ahmad Yar Khan, Inside Baluchistan, Royal Book Company, Karachi, 1975, pp. 51–52, and Mir Khuda Bakhsh Marri, Searchlights on Baloches and Balochistan, 2nd ed., Gosha-e-Adab, Quetta, 1977, p. 329). https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/1_55_1_18.pdf
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Al-Muqaddasi, The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions (Aḥsan al-taqasim fi maʿrifat al-aqalim), translated by Basil Anthony Collins, Garnet, Reading, 1994 (print; Kirman passages on the Qofṣ and Baluṣ cited through source 4).
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VI A: Kachhi, Text and Appendices, Times Press, Bombay, 1907, p. 16 ("The rise of the Baloch": Mir Chakar Rind and Gwahram Lashari). https://irrigation.sindh.gov.pk/files/Books//137.pdf

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