Marka-e-Rasil aur Makuran mein Islam

Atemad E-Magazine 16 October 2026 · 9 minute ka mutalia

Pichhle baab mein hum ne dekha ke Sasani tehriron mein Turan, Makuran aur Paradan ke naam to milte hain magar un ilaqon ki apni koi awaz nahin. Satwin sadi eesvi mein yeh khamoshi tootti hai. Arab lashkar Makuran ki sarhad par pahunchte hain, aur un ke muarrikh, jo do sau baras baad yeh waqiat qalam band kar rahe the, Balochistan ke baare mein pehli tafseeli riwayaten chhor jaate hain. Yeh riwayaten ek doosre se farq rakhti hain, is liye hum har riwayat ko us ke rawi ke naam se pesh karenge.

Do muarrikh, do riwayaten

Makuran ki ibtidai Islami tareekh ke do bade makhaz hain. Pehla Ahmad bin Yahya Baladhuri ki "Futuh al-Buldan" hai, nawin sadi ki kitab jis mein har ilaqe ki fatah ka alag baab hai. Doosra Muhammad bin Jarir Tabari ki "Tareekh" hai jo saal ba saal waqiat bayan karti hai. Encyclopaedia Iranica mein Clifford Bosworth ka khulasa yeh hai ke Arab hamla awar Hazrat Umar ke ahd-e-khilafat mein Kirman ki taraf se Makuran mein dakhil hue.

Tabari ki riwayat: 23 Hijri ka marka

Tabari 23 Hijri (643 se 644 eesvi) ke waqiat mein "Makuran ki fatah" ke unwan se likhta hai ke Hakam bin Amr Taghlabi ki qiyadat mein ek lashkar Makuran ki taraf barha. Wahan Shihab bin Mukhariq un se aa mile aur Suhail bin Adi aur Abdullah bin Abdullah bin Itban khud kumak le kar pahunche. Musalman ek darya ke kinare ruke jahan Makuran ka lashkar jama tha. Makuran ke hukmran ka naam Tabari "Rasil" likhta hai aur batata hai ke woh Sindh ke hukmran ko darya paar karwa kar musalmanon ke muqabil le aaya. Mutarjim Smith ka khayal hai ke yeh darya ghaliban Sindh hai.

Larai darya se kai din ki masafat par, Makuran ki jaanib hui. Tabari ke baqaul Rasil ko shikast hui, musalmanon ne us ki lashkar gah looti aur bhagne walon ka kai din tak darya tak taaqub kiya, phir Makuran mein wapas aa kar thehar gaye. Hakam bin Amr ne maal-e-ghanimat ka panchwan hissa Sahar Abdi ke haath Hazrat Umar ko bheja aur qabze mein aaye hathiyon ke baare mein hidayat mangi.

Yahan Tabari ek yadgar manzar bayan karta hai. Sahar ne Makuran ka haal musajja ibarat mein sunaya: aisi zameen jis ke maidan pahar hain, pani kam, khajoor kharab, dushman bahadur, khair thori aur shar lamba; aur us se aage jo hai woh us se bhi bura. Khalifa ne poochha ke tum musajja kalam suna rahe ho ya sahih khabar de rahe ho? Sahar ne kaha ke woh sahih khabar de raha hai. Is par Hazrat Umar ne hukm diya ke jab tak woh khalifa hain koi lashkar Makuran se aage na barhe, aur Hakam bin Amr aur Suhail bin Adi ko likha ke apni faujen darya ke is taraf rakhen. Hathiyon ke baare mein hidayat hui ke unhen musalmanon ke ilaqe mein bech kar raqam ghanimat ke haq daron mein taqseem ki jaye.

Baladhuri ki riwayat: ek alag tarteeb

Baladhuri ke paas yeh waqia is shakl mein nahin milta. Hazrat Umar ke ahd mein woh sirf Bahrain o Oman ke hakim Usman bin Abi al-As Thaqafi ke bahri hamlon ka zikr karta hai jin par khalifa ne use tanbeeh ki. Is baab mein Rasil ka naam, hathiyon ki farokht aur Makuran ke baare mein khalifa ka sawal o jawab Hazrat Umar ke ahd mein darj nahin.

Woh Makuran ki mashhoor report Hazrat Usman ke ahd mein laata hai. Iraq ke governor Abdullah bin Amir ne Hakim bin Jabala Abdi ko Hind ki sarhad ka jaiza lene bheja. Hakim ne wapas aa kar bataya ke pani kam hai, khajoor kharab hai, daku dilair hain; "chhota lashkar wahan zaya ho jayega aur bada lashkar bhooka mar jayega". Hazrat Usman ne poochha ke tum khabar de rahe ho ya shayari kar rahe ho, aur hamle ka koi hukm na diya. Sindh ki fatah ki Farsi tareekh "Chach Nama" mein bhi milti julti report, kuch mukhtalif alfaz mein, Hakim bin Jabala aur Hazrat Usman se mansoob hai. Goya ek hi tarah ki baat Tabari ke paas Hazrat Umar ke darbar mein aur Baladhuri aur Chach Nama ke paas Hazrat Usman ke darbar mein kahi jati hai.

Hazrat Ali aur Umaviyon ka daur: sarhadi lashkar

Baladhuri ke mutabiq Hazrat Ali ke ahd mein 38 Hijri ke aakhir ya 39 Hijri ke aghaz mein Harith bin Murra Abdi ne ijazat le kar sarhad par hamla kiya, magar baad mein woh aur un ke beshtar sathi Qiqan ke ilaqe mein mare gaye; un ki maut ka saal 42 Hijri likha gaya hai. Qiqan ya Qizkanan, Bosworth ke baqaul, wasti Balochistan ke us ilaqe ka shehar tha jise Turan kaha jata tha aur ghaliban baad ke Kalat ki jagah waqe tha.

Umavi daur mein Makuran ek mustaqil sarhadi chhawni ban gaya. Baladhuri likhta hai ke Hazrat Muawiya ke zamane mein Ziyad ne Sinan bin Salama ko bheja; Baladhuri ke baqaul Sinan ne Makuran ko zor se fatah kiya aur wahan ek chhawni qaim ki, go baaz rawi Makuran ki fatah Hakim bin Jabala se bhi mansoob karte hain. Is ke baad Rashid bin Amr Judaidi hakim hue, Qiqan par kamyab hamla kiya, magar "Meed" qaum par hamle ke dauran mare gaye; Sinan bin Salama dobara do baras ke liye aaye. Munzir bin Jarood ne Qiqan par hamla kiya aur Qusdar (Khuzdar) fatah kiya, jahan un ka intiqal hua.

Yahan bhi riwayaten ek jaisi nahin. Chach Nama ke mutabiq Rashid bin Amr Qiqan se kharaj le kar laut rahe the ke Mozar aur Bharaj ke paharon mein maqami logon se ek khoonrez jang mein mare gaye, jis ke baad kamaan phir Sinan bin Salama ko mili; Sinan Qiqan tak barhe magar Budhiya ke ilaqe mein logon ne uth kar unhen qatl kar diya. Baladhuri mein Rashid "Meed" par hamle mein mare jate hain aur Sinan dobara do baras hakim rehte hain, un ke qatl ka wahan zikr nahin.

Makuran: ek sarhadi soba

In muhimmon ka majmui naqsha yeh banta hai ke Umavi daur mein Makuran musalmanon ka ek sarhadi soba tha jis ke hakim Iraq se muqarrar hote the. Baladhuri ke mutabiq Hajjaj bin Yusuf ne Saeed bin Aslam ko Makuran ka hakim banaya jo Alafi bhaiyon ke haathon mare gaye; un ke baad Mujaa bin Siir aur Muhammad bin Harun hakim rahe, aur phir Muhammad bin Qasim ka lashkar Makuran ke raste Sindh ki taraf barha; Bosworth is hamle ka saal 92 Hijri / 711 eesvi dete hain. Baladhuri likhta hai ke Muhammad bin Qasim Makuran mein kuch din thehre, phir Qanzabur aur Armail fatah karte hue aage gaye. Bosworth ke alfaz mein Makuran Sindh ki fatah ka "takhta-e-kood" (springboard) tha.

Sindh ki taraf se dekhen to Chach Nama batata hai ke Arabon ki aamad se pehle Sahasi ke bete Rai Sihras ki saltanat maghrib mein Makuran tak phaili thi, aur baad mein Raja Chach ne Kirman aur Makuran ke darmiyan ek chhoti nadi par khajoor ke darakht laga kar apni sarhad ka nishan qaim kiya tha. Goya Arab jab Makuran pahunche to yeh ilaqa Sindh aur Iran ke darmiyan ek sarhad tha.

Arab jughrafiya danon ki nazar mein

Fatah ke baad koi do sadiyon tak Makuran ke baare mein tareekh taqriban khamosh hai; Bosworth likhte hain ke nawin sadi ke aakhir tak "amalan kuch maloom nahin". Daswin sadi ke aakhir ki Farsi kitab "Hudud al-Alam" Makuran ko Sindh ka hissa shumar karti hai, Tiz (aaj ke Chabahar ke qareeb) ko us ki badi bandargah aur Kech ko us ke hakim ka markaz batati hai. Bosworth ke khulase ke mutabiq qurun-e-wusta ke jughrafiya dan Makuran ko kam abadi aur kam wasail ka ilaqa likhte hain jis ki khaas paidawar ganne ka sheera yaani "panidh" tha. Turan ke baare mein Bosworth, Istakhri aur Ibn Hauqal ke hawale se, likhte hain ke us ka markazi qasba bhi "Turan" kehlata tha aur ilaqe ki bastiyon mein Qusdar, Qizkanan aur Sibi shamil thin. "Hudud al-Alam" ke mutabiq Turan mein bahut se musalman aur "Gabrkan" (ghair muslim) rehte the. Bosworth ke baqaul Makuran ki khushki aur be-raunaqi ne Arabon ki mustaqil abadkari ka rasta roka.

Yun Makuran mein Islam ki aamad koi ek marka nahin balke ek lamba silsila hai: ek report jis ne khalifa ko aage barhne se roka, hakim jo Iraq se aaye aur aksar yahin mare gaye, ek sarhadi chhawni, aur aakhir mein woh rasta jis se guzar kar Sindh ki tareekh badal gayi.

Agle itwar: Muhammad bin Qasim ka rasta (711 eesvi): Makuran se Debal tak.

Makhaz

Al-Ṭabari, The History of al-Ṭabari, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641–643/A.H. 21–23, translated and annotated by G. Rex Smith, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1994: Preface (Tabari 839–923), Translator's Foreword p. xv (23/643–644), "The Conquest of Makran", pp. 77–78 (n. 343: the river "likely … the Indus"). https://archive.org/details/tabarivolume14 (p. 77: https://archive.org/details/tabarivolume14/page/n101)
Al-Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State (Kitab Futuḥ al-Buldan), Part II, translated by Francis Clark Murgotten, Columbia University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law vol. LXVIII, whole no. 163A, New York, 1924, Part XX "Conquest of as-Sind": 'Uthman al-Thaqafi p. 209; Hakim ibn Jabala pp. 209–210; al-Harith ibn Murra p. 210; Sinan ibn Salama, Rashid ibn 'Amr pp. 211–212; al-Mundhir p. 213; Sa'id ibn Aslam, Mujja'a, Muhammad ibn Harun p. 215; Muhammad ibn al-Qasim in Mukran p. 217. https://archive.org/details/originsoftheisla032520mbp (p. 209: https://archive.org/details/originsoftheisla032520mbp/page/n226). Part I, translated by Philip Khuri Hitti, New York, 1916, Introduction p. 5 (Baladhuri's death in 279/892; Tabari's annalistic method). https://archive.org/details/originsofislamic00balarich/page/n21
Clifford Edmund Bosworth, "MAKRAN", Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, published 11 February 2011, updated 26 November 2012. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/makran
Clifford Edmund Bosworth, "ṬURAN", Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, published 11 February 2011, updated 18 January 2013. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/turan
The Chachnamah: An Ancient History of Sind, translated from the Persian by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, Commissioner's Press, 1900: Rai Sahiras's frontiers p. 11; Chach's boundary between Kirman and Makran p. 38; Hakim's report to 'Uthman pp. 59–60; Rashid and Sinan pp. 63–65. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285133 (p. 64: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285133/page/n77)
Ḥudud al-ʿAlam, "The Regions of the World": A Persian Geography, 372 A.H.–982 A.D., translated and explained by V. Minorsky, E. J. W. Gibb Memorial, Luzac, London, 1937, § 27 "Sind", p. 123 (Tiz, Kij, Turan). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281514/page/n142

Balochistan: Tareekh ka Safar: tamam tehreerein →