Mir Abdullah Khan

Atemad E-Magazine 17 October 2026 · 10 minute ka mutalia

Pichhle bab mein hum ne dekha ke satrahvin sadi ke aakhir tak Kalat mein Ahmadzai khan aur Sarawan o Jhalawan ke qabail par mushtamil aik siyasi dhancha khara ho chuka tha, aur bab is wade par khatam hua tha ke ab Kachhi ke maidan ki laraiyon aur khaniyat ki pehli tausee ka zikr hoga. Is tausee ka markazi kirdar Mir Abdullah Khan hain. Un ke daur mein Kalat ki sarhaddein maghrib mein Makuran, shimal mein Pishin aur Shorawak aur mashriq mein Kachhi ke maidan tak pahunchne ki koshish mein rahin, aur yehi koshish aakhirkar un ki jaan le gayi. Un ki maut aik aise silsile ki pehli kari bani jis ka anjam Irani fateh Nadir Shah ke hathon Kachhi ki Kalat ko muntaqili par hua.

Hum un ke bare mein kya jante hain

Mir Abdullah Khan ke bare mein hamare paas koi ham asr darbari tareekh in makhaz mein darj nahin. Jo kuch maloom hai woh zyada tar British daur ke gazetteers se aata hai: 1908 ka "Imperial Gazetteer of India" (Imperial Gazetteer of India) ki Balochistan jild, aur 1907 mein shaya hone wali "Balochistan District Gazetteer" series ki Kachhi aur Sibi ki jildein. In ki tareekhein kahin kahin aik dusre se zara mukhtalif hain. Haliya barson mein Pakistan Historical Society ke mujalle (Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society) mein shaya hone wale do mazameen ne bhi in waqiat ko chhua hai, jin mein se aik Sindh ki tareekh ke zaviye se likha gaya hai. Hum har baat ko is ke apne makhaz ke sath pesh karenge.

Daur-e-hukumat ki tareekhein

Mir Abdullah Khan kab takht par baithe aur kab tak rahe, is par makhaz taqriban muttafiq hain magar bilkul nahin. Kachhi ka gazetteer un ka daur 1715-16 se 1730-31 tak likhta hai, yaani aaghaz aur ikhtitam donon ko do do eesvi barson par phaila kar deta hai. Naveed Razzaq (Naveed Razzaq) aur Rabia Islam (Rabia Islam) ne 2023 mein Pakistan Historical Society ke mujalle mein shaya apne mazmoon mein, jo Ibn-e-Khaldun ke tasawwur-e-"asabiyat" ki roshni mein khaniyat-e-Kalat ka jaiza leta hai, un ka daur 1716 se 1731 tak bataya hai. Isi mujalle ka Karachi ki ibtidai tareekh par aik mazmoon un ki maut 1731 mein rakhta hai. Yun un ki wafat ke saal ke bare mein farq aik baras se zyada ka nahin, aur gazetteer ki 1730-31 wali tareekh donon bayanat ko samo leti hai.

Maghrib aur shimal: Makuran, Pishin aur Shorawak

Imperial Gazetteer Mir Abdullah Khan ko Ahmadzai khandan ka sab se bara fateh qarar deta hai. Is ke mutabiq unhon ne pehle maghrib ka rukh kiya aur Makuran ki taraf barhe. Gazetteer ke bayan mein is muhim ki tafseel, is ki tareekh ya is ke nataij darj nahin; sirf itna hai ke Makuran un ki pehli tawajjoh ka markaz tha.

Isi gazetteer ke mutabiq shimal mashriq mein Mir Abdullah Khan ne Pishin aur Shorawak ke ilaqe Qandahar ke Ghilzai hukmranon se chheen liye. Pichhle bab mein hum Martin Axmann (Martin Axmann) ka yeh tajziya dekh chuke hain ke Safavi Iran ki kamzori aur Mughal maujoodgi ke ghatne se is khitte mein kai nai taqatein ubhrein. Kalat aur Qandahar ki yeh kashmakash isi khala ka hissa thi.

Sarawan ke gazetteer (1907) mein is kashmakash ka aik aur pehlu bhi milta hai. Is ke mutabiq Qandahar ke Shah Hussain Ghilzai aur Sindh ke Noor Muhammad Kalhora "zahiran" Mir Abdullah ke khilaf muttahid ho gaye aur un ki mushtarka fauj ne Quetta ka muhasira kiya, magar wahan ki Brahvi sipah dati rahi. Gazetteer ka "zahiran" ka lafz khud batata hai ke murattib is ittehad ke bare mein poori tarah yaqini nahin tha.

Andaruni dhancha: Sarawan aur Jhalawan

Mir Abdullah Khan ka daur sirf jangon ka daur nahin tha. Jhalawan ke gazetteer (1907) ke mutabiq Brahvi ittehad ki Sarawan aur Jhalawan ki do bari taqseemein apni maujooda shakl mein ghaliban atharvin sadi ke shuru mein unhi ke hathon baneen. Gazetteer yahan bhi "ghaliban" ka lafz istemal karta hai. Agar yeh durust hai to bahar ki muhimmat ke sath sath andar qabail ko do munazzam bazuon mein dhalna bhi unhi ka kaam tha, aur yehi dhancha baad mein Nasir Khan ke nizam-e-hukumat ki bunyad bana, jis par is silsile ka aik alag bab hai.

Kachhi ka maidan aur Kalhore

Kachhi ka hamwar maidan, jis ka apna alag gazetteer 1907 mein shaya hua, Kalat ke pahari ilaqe ke mashriq mein waqe hai. Kachhi ke gazetteer ke mutabiq Mir Abdullah Khan Sindh ke Kalhora hukmran Mian Noor Muhammad Kalhora ke ham asr the, aur is zamane mein Kachhi Kalhoron ki amaldari mein tha aur un ki taraf se un ka naib Murad Ganjah ise chalata tha. Mir Abdullah Khan ne isi maidan par hamla kiya.

Yahan donon taraf ke bayanat ka lehja alag hai. Gazetteer aur Razzaq o Islam ka mazmoon ise Kalat ki Kachhi ki taraf aik muhim ke taur par bayan karte hain. Dusri taraf Pakistan Historical Society ke mujalle mein Karachi ki ibtidai tareekh par likha gaya mazmoon, jo Sindh ki tareekh ke zaviye se hai, kehta hai ke Kalat ke hukmran Mir Abdullah Khan ne 1731 mein "baghair kisi khas wajah ke" Sindh par hamla kiya aur larte hue mare gaye. Aik hi waqia aik taraf se tausee ki muhim aur dusri taraf se bila jawaz hamla dikhai deta hai.

Jandrihar ki larai

Mir Abdullah Khan ka anjam Kachhi hi mein hua. Imperial Gazetteer aur Kachhi ka gazetteer donon ke mutabiq woh Kachhi mein Sanni (Sanni) ke qareeb Jandrihar (Jandrihar) ke maqam par Kalhoron se larai mein mare gaye. Razzaq aur Islam bhi likhte hain ke woh Sanni ke ilaqe ke qareeb aik khunrez larai mein kaam aaye.

Kalhora fauj ki qiyadat kis ke hath mein thi, is par makhaz aik awaz nahin. Gazetteer is daur ke Kalhora hukmran ke taur par Mian Noor Muhammad ka naam leta hai, jabke Razzaq aur Islam ke mazmoon (2023) ke mutabiq woh "Mian Mehmood Khan Kalhora" se larte hue mare gaye. Hamare makhaz is farq ki wazahat nahin karte, is liye donon naam un ke apne makhaz ke sath darj hain.

Mir Muhabbat Khan aur Nadir Shah

Kachhi ke gazetteer ke mutabiq Mir Abdullah Khan ke baad 1730-31 mein un ke bete Mir Muhabbat Khan (Mir Muhabbat Khan) khan bane; Karachi wala mazmoon bhi Muhabbat Khan hi ko un ka janasheen batata hai. Unhi ke daur mein Iran mein Nadir Shah (Nadir Shah) ka urooj hua. Imperial Gazetteer likhta hai ke Ahmadzai hukmran ne 1740 mein Nadir Shah ke zariye Kachhi hasil kar liya, aur yeh Mir Abdullah Khan aur un ke sath mare jane walon ke khoon ke muawze ke taur par diya gaya. Kachhi ke gazetteer ke mutabiq Hindustan par hamle ke baad Nadir Shah ne Sindh ke Kalhora hukmran Mian Noor Muhammad ko majboor kiya ke woh Kachhi Mir Muhabbat Khan ke hawale karein. Kachhi ka gazetteer khud bhi is muntaqili ka saal 1740 deta hai, aur Sibi ka gazetteer bhi.

Yun jo maidan Mir Abdullah Khan talwar se na le sake, woh un ki maut ke taqriban das baras baad aik bairooni fateh ke faisle se un ke bete ko mil gaya. Is faisle ki nauiyat qabil-e-ghaur hai: makhaz ise fateh nahin balke "khoon baha" ke taur par bayan karte hain, yaani aik qabaili usool jise aik saltanati taqat ne nafiz kiya. Is ke sath yeh bhi yaad rahe ke Imperial Gazetteer ke mutabiq "Beglar Begi" aur "Wali-e-Kalat" ke khitabat Kalat ke hukmran ko Nasir Khan awwal ke zamane mein Afghan badshahon ne diye; yaani Mir Abdullah aur Mir Muhabbat ke daur tak Kalat abhi bairooni taqaton ke darmiyan apni haisiyat tay kar raha tha.

Khulasa

Mir Abdullah Khan ki kahani ke teen hisse makhaz se sabit hain: maghrib mein Makuran ki taraf pesh qadmi, shimal mein Qandahar ke Ghilzai hukmranon se Pishin aur Shorawak ka husool, aur mashriq mein Kachhi ke liye Kalhoron se jang jis mein woh Jandrihar ke maqam par mare gaye. Un ki tareekhon mein aik aadh baras ka farq hai, aur Kachhi ki larai ko Kalat aur Sindh ke makhaz alag alag rang mein dekhte hain. Un ki maut ke baad Kachhi Nadir Shah ke faisle se Kalat ko mila, aur yun woh wirsa tayar hua jo agle khan, Mir Nasir Khan, ke hisse mein aaya.

Agle itwar: Mir Nasir Khan Noori: Balochistan ka memar.

Makhaz

Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Baluchistan, compiled by R. Hughes-Buller, Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1908 (history of the Ahmadzais: Mir Abdullah as the greatest conqueror of the line; Makran; Pishin and Shorawak taken from the Ghilzai rulers of Kandahar; death at Jandrihar near Sanni; Mir Muhabbat and the 1740 cession of Kachhi through Nadir Shah as compensation for blood; titles Beglar Begi and Wali-i-Kalat first conferred on Nasir Khan I by the Afghan kings). https://archive.org/details/ImperialGazetteerOfIndiaBaluchistan · Text mirror: http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php/Balochistan_(Baluchistan,_1908)
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VI-A: Kachhi, 1907 (Mir Abdulla 1715-16 to 1730-31; contemporary of Nur Muhammad Kalhora; Kachhi then held for the Kalhoras by their naib Murad Ganjah; death near Sanni; succession of Mir Muhabbat 1730-31; Nadir Shah compels Mian Nur Muhammad to cede Kachhi; cession dated 1740). https://irrigation.sindh.gov.pk/files/Books//137.pdf · Combined scan of vols. VI, VI-A, VI-B (Sarawan, Kachhi, Jhalawan, 1907): https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22668
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. III: Sibi, 1907 (cession of Kachhi dated 1740).
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VI: Sarawan, Bombay, 1907, History section (Shah Husain Ghilzai and Nur Muhammad Kalhora "appear to have made common cause against Mir Abdulla"; siege of Quetta "stoutly defended by the Brahui garrison"). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22668
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VI-B: Jhalawan, compiled by Rai Sahib Jamiat Rai, Bombay Education Society's Press, 1907 (Sarawan and Jhalawan divisions "probably formed … by Mir Abdulla in the early part of the 18th century"). https://irrigation.sindh.gov.pk/files/Books//136.pdf
Naveed Razzaq and Rabia Islam, "Khanate of Kalat in the Light of Ibn Khaldun's Concept of Asabbiya (1731–1893)", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 71/2 (2023) (Abdullah Khan Ahmadzai 1716–31; campaign towards Kachhi against the Kalhoras; killed in battle near Sanni; p. 113 ff.: "He died while fighting with Mian Mehmood Khan Kalhora in 1731"). https://www.phs.com.pk/index.php/phs/article/view/307 · PDF: https://phs.com.pk/index.php/phs/article/download/307/144
"The Early History of Karachi City: An Exploration", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society (author and issue to be confirmed) (Mir Abdullah Khan "attacked Sindh without any specific reason" in 1731 and was killed; Mohabbat Khan succeeded). https://phs.com.pk/index.php/phs/article/download/166/96
Martin Axmann, "Kalat, khanate of", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, 2020 (rise of new polities as Safavid and Mughal power declined; used as in chapter 19). https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/kalat-khanate-of-COM_32943 (paywalled)

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