Khanyat-e-Kalat ka qayam

Atemad E-Magazine 17 October 2026 · 10 minute ka mutalia

Pichhle baab mein hum ne Humayun ko shikast khorda haalat mein Sibi, Mastung aur Qandahar ke raste Balochistan se guzarte dekha. Is baab se hamari kahani ka teesra hissa, "Khanyat-e-Kalat", shuru hota hai. Solhwin sadi mein Kalat Mughal aur Safavi saltanaton ke darmiyan ek door uftada qasba tha; satrahwin sadi ke aakhir tak yeh ek aisi riyasat ka markaz ban chuka tha jo 1839 mein angrezon ki aamad tak apne muamalat khud chalati rahi. Yeh tabdili kaise aayi, is par hamare paas do tarah ke makhaz hain: ek woh qabaili riwayatein jo unneeswin aur beeswin sadi mein British afsaron aur sayyahon ne qalam band kin, aur doosra woh jadeed tehqeeq jis ne in riwayaton ko parkha hai. Hum donon ko alag alag pesh karenge.

Khanyat se pehle ka Kalat: riwayatein

Kalat ki ibtidai tareekh ke baare mein jo kuch hum jaante hain woh bayshtar riwayat hai, tareekh nahin. 1908 mein shaya hone wale "Imperial Gazetteer of India" ki Balochistan ki jild, jise R. Hughes-Buller (R. Hughes-Buller) ne murattab kiya, saaf likhti hai ke "tamam riwayat" ke mutabiq Kalat ke purane hukmran Hindu the jin ka naam Sewa bataya jata hai. Angrez sayyah Henry Pottinger ke mutabiq un ke zamane mein bhi qasba aksar "Kalat-e-Sewa" kehlata tha, aur un ki suni hui riwayat mein aakhri raja Sewa ko Kumbar naam ke ek sardar ne muattal kiya. Gazetteer yeh bhi likhta hai ke Mirwari, jin se baad mein Ahmadzai khandan nikla, apna nasab Arab batate hain. Yeh sab baatein Gazetteer mein riwayat ke taur par hi darj hain, tareekhi waqiye ke taur par nahin.

Yeh riwayatein angrez afsaron se pehle bhi qalam band hui thin. Henry Pottinger (Henry Pottinger) ne 1810 ke safar ke baad 1816 mein "Travels in Balochistan and Sindh" likhi, jis mein balochon aur brahwiyon aur Kalat ki tareekh par alag abwab hain; aur Charles Masson (Charles Masson), jo 1826 se 1838 tak is khitte mein rahe, ne 1842 mein apna safarnama aur 1843 mein ek alag jild mein "mashriqi Balochistan ka tazkira" shaya kiya. Imperial Gazetteer ki kitabiyat mein yahi tehreerein darj hain, aur Gazetteer ke murattibeen ne unhein aur qabaili bayanon ko apni tareekh ki bunyad banaya.

Mughal Qandahar ka saya

Ek baat jis ki taeed Mughal dastaweez se hoti hai woh is khitte ka Qandahar se talluq hai. Quetta Pishin aur Sarawan ke gazetteeron (1907) ke mutabiq Akbar ke daur ki sarkari kitab "Ain-e-Akbari" mein Shal (aaj ka Quetta) aur Mastung solhwin sadi ke aakhir mein Qandahar ki sarkar ke mashriqi hisse mein shamil dikhaye gaye hain. "Encyclopaedia Iranica" mein Brian Spooner (Brian Spooner) likhte hain ke Kalat ki wapsi us waqt mumkin hui jab Qandahar mein Mughal taqat kamzor padi. Iranica hi ke mazmoon "Brahui" mein Josef Elfenbein (Josef Elfenbein) is talluq ko doosre rukh se dekhte hain: Akbar ke daur se maghrib mein Mughal dilchaspi barh rahi thi aur Qandahar ka governor junoob ke bade ilaqe par hakim tha; Shahjahan ke daur mein Mughal tawseeh urooj par pahunchi to un ke baqaul isi dabao ke nateeje mein tareekh mein pehli baar ek mazboot aur munazzam riyasat, "Brahui Confederacy" ya Khanyat-e-Kalat, ubhri.

Mir Hasan aur Mir Ahmad Khan: Ahmadzai silsile ka aaghaz

Khanyat ke qayam ki riwayat ko Iranica yun bayan karti hai: Mughal taqat ke zawal par Brahui sardar Mir Ibrahim Khan Mirwari ne Kalat wapas le liya, magar khud hukumat karne se inkar kiya aur khani apne behnoi Mir Hasan ko saunp di. Iranica Mir Hasan ko "balochon ka pehla khan" likhti hai. Mir Hasan laawlad foot hue to iqtidar Mir Ahmad Khan Qambrani ko mila, aur unhi ke naam se Ahmadzai khandan kehlaya. Balochistan ke zilai gazetteer ki Sarawan aur Jhalawan ki jildein (1907) yeh riwayat kuch mukhtalif sunati hain: brahwiyon ne Kalat ke Mughal hakim ko nikala aur Mir Ibrahim Khan Mirwari se, jo Jhalawan mein rehte the, ek beta sardar ke taur par manga; unhon ne apne pote Mir Hasan ko bheja. Sarawan ke gazetteer ke mutabiq Mir Hasan aur un ke jaanasheenon ne barah pushton tak Kalat par hukumat ki, yahan tak ke 1666-67 mein Mir Ahmad masnad par baithe, jinhon ne Mughal hakim Agha Jafar ko shikast de kar Mastung le liya.

Yahan ek ehtiyat zaroori hai. 1666 ki tareekh par bhi makhaz muttafiq nahin: Elfenbein Mir Ahmad Khan awwal ko Mirwari likhte hain aur un ka daur taqriban 1660 se 1695 tak batate hain; un ke mutabiq aakhri khan ke sabiq secretary Yusuf Gichki ne 1666 ko tabaat ki ghalti kaha tha. Elfenbein yeh bhi likhte hain ke tareekh mein brahwiyon ka pehla yaqeeni zikr satrahwin sadi ke Mughal bayanat mein milta hai, aur woh bhi Khanyat-e-Kalat ke hawale se. Yaani jis riyasat ka qayam hum bayan kar rahe hain, wohi is qaum ka tareekh mein pehla pakka nishan bhi hai. Imperial Gazetteer bhi "mustanad tareekh" ka aaghaz Mir Ahmad hi se karta hai aur is se pehle ki baaton ko riwayat maanta hai.

Sarawan aur Jhalawan: qabail ka dhancha

Khanyat-e-Kalat koi aam badshahat nahin thi. Gazetteer of Balochistan ki Jhalawan ki jild (1907) ke mutabiq brahui ittehad ke qabail do bade hisson mein bante the: Sarawan, yaani "upar" ya shimal ke qabail, aur Jhalawan, yaani "neeche" ya junoob ke qabail; "Jhalawan" balochi lafz "jahl" se nikla hai jis ka matlab neeche ya junoob hai. Gazetteer yeh bhi likhta hai ke yeh donon hisse apni maujooda shakl mein ghaliban atharahwin sadi ke shuru mein Mir Abdullah Khan ke daur mein bane, yaani khanyat ke qayam ke koi pachas baras baad. Longworth Dames (Longworth Dames) ne 1904 mein "The Baloch Race" mein likha ke Sarawan aur Jhalawan ke yeh giroh mujmui taur par brahui hain aur brahui zabaan bolte hain.

Elfenbein ke mutabiq khanyat ki taqat shuru hi se ittehadon aur sarparasti ke ek pecheeda nizam par qaim thi, jis mein bade brahui qabile (Qambrani, Mirwari aur Iltazai), Rind aur Lashari baloch, aur Dehwar kashtkar shamil the. Imperial Gazetteer likhta hai ke Mughal taqat kamzor hui to Ahmadzai khanon ka pehla masla riyasat ki "dheeli qabaili tanzeem" mein bahami rabt paida karna tha, aur yeh kaam har fatah ka ek hissa gareeb pahari qabail mein bant kar kiya gaya. Isi Gazetteer ka ek baab "Kalat hamesha ek matehat riyasat rahi" ke unwan se hai: is ke mutabiq Kalat ke hukmran kabhi poori tarah khud mukhtar nahin rahe, aur pehle Mughal badshahon aur Qandahar ke hukmranon ke ahkam mante aur mangne par sipahi faraham karte the. Yaani khan ki taqat ek taraf qabail ke sardaron se aur doosri taraf badi saltanaton se bandhi hui thi.

Kya bana, kya nahin bana

Satrahwin sadi ke aakhir tak Kalat mein ek aisa siyasi dhancha maujood tha jis ke do sutoon the: Ahmadzai khan, aur brahui o baloch qabail. Teesra sutoon, Kachhi ke maidan ki aamdani, abhi baqi tha. Kachhi ke gazetteer ke mutabiq Mir Abdullah Khan, jo Sindh ke Noor Muhammad Kalhora ke ham asr the, ne is maidan par hamla kiya jo us waqt Kalhoron ki taraf se chalaya ja raha tha. Yeh ladaiyan agle baab ka mauzoo hain. Khanyat ka "qayam" koi ek din ya ek maarka nahin; yeh riwayaton ki ek teh hai jis ke neeche se aahista aahista ek riyasat ubharti hai.

Agle itwar: Mir Abdullah Khan: Kachhi ke maidan ki ladaiyan aur khanyat ki pehli tawseeh.

Makhaz

Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Baluchistan, compiled by R. Hughes-Buller, Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1908: p. 13 ("The rise of the Ahmadzais of Kalat": "All tradition asserts that the former rulers of Kalat were Hindus, Sewa by name"), p. 14 (the Mirwaris "claim Arab origin"; Mir Hasan; Mir Ahmad 1666-7; "Authentic history now begins"; "Kalat always a dependent State": "The rulers of Kalat were never fully independent"), p. 15 ("the loose tribal organization of the state"), p. 86 (bibliography: Pottinger 1816, Masson 1842 and 1843). https://archive.org/details/ImperialGazetteerOfIndiaBaluchistan/page/n27 (p. 13) · /page/n28 (p. 14) · /page/n29 (p. 15) · /page/n100 (p. 86)
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VI-B: Jhalawan, Text and Appendices, Bombay Education Society's Press, Bombay, 1907: p. 1 (Jhalawan from jahl, a Baluchi word meaning "below, or to the south"; Sarawan "the above, or to the north"; the two divisions "probably formed into these units … by Mir Abdulla in the early part of the 18th century"), p. 38 (Mir Ibrahim Khan Mirwari sends his grandson Mir Hasan; Mir Ahmad I, 1666-67 to 1695-96). https://irrigation.sindh.gov.pk/files/Books//136.pdf · Combined scan of vol. VI (Sarawan, Kachhi, Jhalawan): https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22668/page/n547 (Jhalawan p. 1) · /page/n584 (Jhalawan p. 38)
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VI-A: Kachhi, Text and Appendices, Times Press, Bombay, 1907, p. 18 (Mir Abdulla "the contemporary of Nur Muhammad Kalhora"; invasion of Kachhi, then "governed for them" by the Kalhoras' naib). https://irrigation.sindh.gov.pk/files/Books//137.pdf · https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22668/page/n340
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. V: Quetta-Pishin, R. Hughes-Buller and Jamiat Rai, Ajmer, 1907, p. 33 (Ain-i-Akbari: Shal and Pushang in the eastern division of the Kandahar sarkar). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46886/page/n55
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VI: Sarawan, Bombay, 1907, pp. 26–27 (Ain-i-Akbari: Mastung in the eastern division of the Kandahar sarkar; the Brahuis oust the Mughal governor of Kalat; Mir Hasan and his successors for twelve generations; Mir Ahmad 1666-7 defeats Agha Jafar and takes Mastung). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22668/page/n48 (p. 26) · /page/n49 (p. 27)
Brian Spooner, "Baluchistan i. Geography, History and Ethnography", Encyclopaedia Iranica III/6, pp. 598–632 (sections 6–7: Mir Ebrahim Khan Mirwari, Mir Hasan "the first 'khan of the Baloch'", Mir Ahmad Khan Qambarani; "the autonomous khanate, 1666-1839"; section 2: Sarawan and Jahlawan as divisions of "the largely Brahui-speaking confederation"). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-i/
Josef Elfenbein, "Brahui", Encyclopaedia Iranica IV/4, pp. 433–443 (Brahui a Dravidian language, Baluchi "a genetically unrelated Iranian language"; Brahuis describe themselves as Baluch; the "Brahui problem", Bray 1934; first certain appearance of the Brahuis "in 17th-century Mughal notices on the Khanate of Kalat"; Mughal expansion and the "Brahui Confederacy"; Mir Ahmad Khan I, ca. 1660–95, and Gichki's "printing error"; alliances of the Qambarani, Mirwari and Iltazay, Rind and Lashari, and Dehwar). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui/
M. Longworth Dames, The Baloch Race: A Historical and Ethnological Sketch, Royal Asiatic Society Monographs IV, London, 1904, pp. 2–3 (Jahlawans and Sarawans "are Brahois, and make use of the Brahoi … language"; the names from the Balochi words jahla, below, and sara, above). https://archive.org/details/balochracehistor00damerich/page/n11
Henry Pottinger, Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, London, 1816: chap. I (departure from Bombay, 2 January 1810); the chapter on the Belooches and Brahooes; "History of Beloochistan", chap. III, pp. 275–278 (history of Kelat: Kelat "very frequently spoken of as Kelate Sehwa"; Kumbur deposes the Rajah). https://archive.org/details/travelsinbelooc00pottgoog/page/n308 (p. 276)
Charles Masson, Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab, including a residence in those countries from 1826 to 1838, 3 vols., Richard Bentley, London, 1842. https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.04704 · Charles Masson, Narrative of a Journey to Kalat, including an account of the insurrection at that place in 1840; and a memoir on Eastern Balochistan, Richard Bentley, London, 1843 (preface). https://archive.org/details/narrativeofjourn00mass

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