Pedro Alvares Cabral: Brazil

Vasco da Gama ke lautne ke taqreeban chhe mahine baad Portugal ne Hindustan ki taraf aik kahin bara bera rawana kiya: terah jahaz, aur Cartwright ke mutabiq taqreeban pandrah sau aadmi. Is ka salaar aik naujawan ameerzada Pedro Alvares Cabral (Pedro Alvares Cabral) tha. Bere ko Africa ke gird ghoom kar Hindustan jana tha, magar Atlantic mein aik lamba chakkar kaat te hue use raste mein woh sahil mila jo aaj Brazil kehlata hai. Is daryaft ka sab se aham bayan bere ke munshi Pero Vaz de Caminha (Pero Vaz de Caminha) ka khat hai, jise muhaqqiq William Brooks Greenlee (William Brooks Greenlee) ne 1938 mein Hakluyt Society ke liye doosre ham asr bayanat ke saath angrezi mein shaya kiya.

Lisbon se rawangi

Greenlee ke mutabiq 8 March 1500 ko yeh bera Lisbon ke qareeb Restelo ke paas jama hua. Aik jahaz Italvi tajiron ka aur aik aik Portugali ameer ka tha, baqi shahi kharch par tayyar hue the. Saath apne zamane ke behtareen mallah the, jin mein Bartolomeu Dias (Bartolomeu Dias) bhi tha, jis ne sab se pehle Africa ki janubi nok ka chakkar kaata tha. Badshah doom Manuel ne khud Cabral ko shahi nishan wala jhanda diya. Greenlee ke mutabiq sara Lisbon use rukhsat karne aaya, kyunke yeh Hindustan jane wala pehla tijarati bera tha.

9 March ko bera darya-e-Tagus (Tagus) ke dahane se nikla, 14 March ko jazair Canary aur 22 March ko Cape Verde ka jazeera Sao Nicolau dekha. Agli subah Vasco de Ataide (Vasco de Ataide) ka jahaz ghayab tha aur do din ki talash ke bawajood na mila; Caminha likhta hai ke us raat na toofan tha na ulti hawa.

Maghrib ki taraf lamba chakkar

Cape Verde ke baad bera sakin istwai hawaon se bachne ke liye janoob se kuch maghrib ki taraf chala, aur samandari dhare use aur maghrib ki taraf le gaye. Cabral itna maghrib ki taraf kyun gaya, is par bohat bahas hui hai aur Brazil ki is se pehle ki daryaft ke daway bhi kiye gaye hain; Greenlee ke nazdeek shawahid yeh batate hain ke yeh sahil pehle nahin dekha gaya tha aur maghribi rasta zyada tar jahaz rani ki sahulat ke liye ikhtiyar kiya gaya.

Caminha likhta hai ke 21 April ko zameen ki nishaniyan milne lagin: pani par lambi samandari ghaas tair rahi thi jise mallah "Rabo de Asno" yaani "gadhe ki dum" bhi kehte the. Agle din parinde nazar aaye aur shaam ke qareeb zameen dikhai di: pehle aik bohat uncha, gol pahar, phir neechi zameen aur ghane jungle. Cabral ne pahar ka naam "Monte Pascoal" (Monte Pascoal) yaani "Easter ka pahar" rakha, kyunke yeh Easter ka hafta tha, aur zameen ka naam "Terra da Vera Cruz" (Terra da Vera Cruz). Greenlee ke hisab se yeh 22 April 1500 ka din tha, aur yeh pahar aaj bhi Brazil ki riyasat Bahia (Bahia) mein isi naam se maujood hai.

Porto Seguro mein das din

23 April ko chhoti kashtiyan sahil tak gayin aur Greenlee ke mutabiq ghaliban pehli baar Portugali is sarzameen par utre. Wahan unhein aise log mile jin ke jism range hue the aur jo chamakdar paron ke zewar pehente the; un ki waz qata Portugaliyon ke dekhe hue kisi bhi logon se mukhtalif thi. Raat ko toofan aaya, aur agle din bera shumal ki taraf aik chattani push te ke andar mehfooz bandargah mein ja thehra jis ka naam "Porto Seguro" (Porto Seguro) yaani "mehfooz bandargah" rakha gaya.

Bera 2 May tak yahan raha, maqami logon se lain dain karta raha aur pani aur lakri bharta raha. Greenlee ke mutabiq yeh bhi maloom na ho saka ke yeh jazeera hai ya barra-e-azam. Cabral ne Gaspar de Lemos (Gaspar de Lemos) ki command mein rasad ka aik jahaz yeh khabar de kar wapas Portugal bheja, aur is mein jane wale do khat bach gaye hain: aik Caminha ka aur doosra bere ke maahir-e-falakiyat "Master John" ka.

Caminha ka khat

Caminha ka khat "is Porto Seguro se, Juma, May ki pehli tareekh, 1500" ko likha gaya. Woh badshah ko batata hai ke nazar aane wala sahil bees pachees farsang lamba hoga, kinare par kahin surkh aur kahin safed mitti ke unche teele hain, aur upar ki zameen hamwar aur bare jungalon se dhaki hai: "jahan tak nazar jati thi, hamein sirf zameen aur jungle dikhai dete the."

Woh saaf likhta hai ke ab tak unhein yahan sona, chandi ya lohа nahin mila, magar aab o hawa Portugal ke shumali ilaqe Entre Douro e Minho (Entre Douro e Minho) ki tarah mutadil hai, aur "is ke pani ki koi intiha nahin", is liye is mein sab kuch ug sakta hai. Is ke baqaul kuch aur na ho to yeh Calicut jane wale jahazon ke thehrne ki jagah ke taur par hi kafi hai. Greenlee ke mutabiq baad mein is mulk ka naam yahan ki surkh lakri "Brazil wood" ki wajah se "Brazil" para, jis ki rang sazi ke liye Europe mein bari tijarat shuru hui.

Ras-e-Umeed ka toofan

Bera Brazil se seedha Africa ki janubi nok ki taraf rawana hua, aik aise samandar mein jis mein Greenlee ke mutabiq pehle koi jahaz nahin chala tha. 12 May ko aik dum dar sitara namudar hua jo das din nazar aata raha, aur mallahon ne ise badshagooni samjha. 24 May ko achanak toofan aaya aur chaar jahaz doob gaye, jin mein Bartolomeu Dias ka jahaz bhi tha; jis mallah ne sab se pehle yeh ras dekhi thi, woh isi ke qareeb samandar mein kho gaya. Baqi saat jahaz phate badbanon ke saath bikhar gaye. In mein se Dias ke bhai Diogo Dias (Diogo Dias) ka jahaz bhatak kar aage nikal gaya aur is ne Madagascar ka jazeera dekha, jahan Greenlee ke khayal mein is se pehle koi Europi nahin pahuncha tha.

Hindustan aur wapsi

Cabral 20 July ko Mozambique, 26 July ko Kilwa (Kilwa) aur 2 August ko Malindi pahuncha, jahan is ka dostana istaqbal hua aur Hindustan ke liye pilot mile. 13 September 1500 ko chhe jahaz Calicut ke samne langar andaz hue. Wahan ka qayam shadeed jhagre par khatam hua jis mein kai Portugali mare gaye ya pakre gaye; Greenlee ke mutabiq un mein khat likhne wala Caminha bhi shamil tha. Phir Cabral janoob mein Cochin (Cochin) gaya, jahan 24 December ko pahuncha aur wahan aur qareeb ke shehr Cranganore se masale lade; wapsi mein Cannanore (Cannanore) se bhi saman mila.

Africa ke sahil ke qareeb Sancho de Tovar (Sancho de Tovar) ka jahaz ret mein phans gaya aur ise jalana para, albatta amla bach gaya. Cape Verde ke qareeb Beseguiche (Beseguiche) ki bandargah par Cabral ke bere ke do jahaz un teen jahazon se mile jo Brazil ke sahil ki mazeed khoj ke liye Lisbon se nikle the aur jin ke saath Amerigo Vespucci (Amerigo Vespucci) tha.

Sab se tez jahaz "Anunciada" 23 June 1501 ko Lisbon pahuncha, aur Greenlee ke mutabiq khud Cabral ghaliban 21 July 1501 ko. Terah jahazon mein se sirf paanch Hindustan se maal le kar laute, chhe samandar mein zaya hue aur do khali wapas aaye. Greenlee likhte hain ke us waqt Brazil aur Madagascar ki daryaft ko is safar ke mahaz zimni waqiat samjha gaya, jin ki ahmiyat lakri aur pani lene ki jagah se zyada na thi.

Agli qist: Amerigo Vespucci: Nai duniya ka naam.