Piri Reis ka naqsha

1929 mein Istanbul ke Topkapi Palace (Topkapi Palace) ke ajaib ghar mein muhaqqiqeen ki tawajjoh hiran ki khaal par bane ek purane naqshe ki taraf gayi. Is par arabi mein likha tha ke ise Gallipoli (Gallipoli) ke shehar mein 919 hijri, yaani 1513, mein Piri Reis ne banaya. Naqshe par Bahr-e-Atlantic, Spain aur maghribi Africa ke sahil, janubi America ka sahil aur Bahira-e-Caribbean ke jazeere the, aur ek Turkey ki ibarat mein likha tha ke is ke kuch hisse Christopher Columbus ke ek naqshe se liye gaye hain.

Piri Reis kaun the?

University of Chicago Press ki "History of Cartography" (History of Cartography) mein muhaqqiq Svat Soucek (Svat Soucek) likhte hain ke un ka poora naam Muhiuddin Piri Reis tha aur woh taqriban 1470 se 1554 tak zinda rahe. Turkey mein "Reis" ka matlab jahaz ka captain hai. Un ke walid ka naam Haji Muhammad tha, aur ek ghair musaddiqa riwayat ke mutabiq woh Gallipoli mein paida hue, jo is zamane mein Usmani bahriya ka sab se bada adda tha.

Soucek ke mutabiq 1481 ke baad Piri Reis apne chacha Kemal Reis (Kemal Reis) ke sath samandari safar karne lage, jo baad mein Usmani bahriya mein ameer-ul-bahr bane. 1487 se kam az kam 1510 tak shimali Africa ke sahilon ke safaron ke dauran Piri Reis woh yaddashtein jama karte rahe jo baad mein un ki mashhoor kitab ki bunyad baneen. 1511 mein chacha ki wafat ke baad woh Gallipoli laut aaye, aur wahin unhon ne duniya ke naqshe aur apni kitab donon par kaam shuru kiya.

Naqsha kaise bana?

Naqshe ke beech baayein taraf teen satron ki ek arabi ibarat hai jis ka mafhoom Soucek ke tarjume ke mutabiq yeh hai: yeh naqsha "Haji Muhammad ke bete, Kemal Reis ke bhatije, gharib Piri" ne Gallipoli shehar mein Muharram 919 hijri mein tayyar kiya, yaani March April 1513 mein.

Is ke alawa naqshe par Turkey ki zaban mein bohat si ibaratein hain. In mein se ek mein Piri Reis khud batate hain ke unhon ne yeh naqsha kaise banaya: "Aisa naqsha pehle kisi ke paas nahin tha. Is gharib ne ise apne haath se banaya hai." Soucek ke tarjume ke mutabiq is ke liye unhon ne taqriban bees maakhaz jama kiye: Sikandar-e-Azam ke zamane ke batae jane wale duniya ke aath naqshe jinhein arab "Jafariya" kehte the, Hindustan ka ek arab naqsha, Portugalion ke haal hi mein banaye hue chaar naqshe jin mein Hindustan aur China tak ke ilaqe dikhaye gaye the, aur Columbus ka banaya hua "maghribi ilaqon" ka ek naqsha. Piri Reis likhte hain ke in sab ko ek hi paimane par la kar yeh naqsha tayyar kiya gaya. Soucek ke khayal mein Sikandar ke zamane ke naqshon se muraad ghaliban qadeem Yunani jughrafiya dan Ptolemy (Ptolemy) ke naqshe hain, aur "Jafariya" ka lafz shayad Ptolemy ki kitab ke arabi naam "Jughrafia" ki bigdi hui shakl hai.

Columbus ka gumshuda naqsha?

Soucek ke mutabiq Columbus ne 1498 mein apne teesre safar ke dauran nayi duniya ka ek naqsha bana kar Spain bheja tha jo ab gum ho chuka hai. Piri Reis ke naqshe ki sab se lambi ibarat mein likha hai ke Kemal Reis ke paas ek Hispani shakhs tha jo kehta tha ke woh Columbus ke sath teen safaron par gaya tha, aur yeh bhi ke "is naqshe par nayi duniya ke sahil aur jazeere Colombo ke naqshe se liye gaye hain."

Yehi baat is naqshe ki shohrat ki asal wajah bani. 1933 mein German mahir-e-mashriqiyat Paul Kahle (Paul Kahle) ne is par ek maqala likha jis ka unwan tha "Columbus ka ek gumshuda naqsha". Soucek batate hain ke Italvi muhaqqiq Roberto Almagia (Roberto Almagia) ne naqshe ke maqamat ke namon ka Columbus ke namon se muwazna kar ke yeh raye di ke ziyada durust unwan "1513 ke Turkey naqshe par Columbus ki chhaap" hota, yaani yeh Columbus ka asal naqsha nahin balke is se li gayi malumat hain.

Naqshe ke Caribbean wale hisse mein yeh asar saaf dikhai deta hai. Soucek ke mutabiq Hispaniola (Hispaniola) ka jazeera taqriban nawwe darje ghooma hua hai, aur Cuba ko jazeere ki bajaye barra-e-azam se nikli hui zameen ki ek nok ki tarah dikhaya gaya hai, bilkul isi tarah jaise Columbus ise samajhta tha. Isi kone mein ek purani European kahani ki tasveer bhi hai jis mein Saint Brendan (Saint Brendan) ke mallah ek whale machhli ki peeth ko jazeera samajh kar is par aag jala rahe hain; naqshe ki ibarat ke mutabiq yeh waqia "purane aalami naqshon" se liya gaya.

Naqsha kitna bada tha?

Jo hissa bacha hai woh Soucek ke mutabiq taqriban 90 zarb 63 centimeter ka hai aur ek bade aalami naqshe ka sirf maghribi tukra hai. Janub maghribi hisse ki golai hiran ki khaal ki gardan aur kandhe ki qudrati shakl ke mutabiq hai. Mashriqi kinara lambai ke rukh phata hua hai, aur Khaleej Guinea ki ek ibarat beech mein se kat gayi hai.

Soucek ke mutabiq 1517 mein Piri Reis ne yeh naqsha Cairo mein Usmani Sultan Selim awwal ko pesh kiya. Is ke baad yeh naqsha sadiyon tak gumnam raha, yahan tak ke 1929 mein alim Gustav Adolf Deissmann (Gustav Adolf Deissmann) ne, jo Topkapi Palace ke ajaib ghar ke director Halil Ethem Eldem (Halil Ethem Eldem) ki dawat par wahan kaam kar rahe the, is ka bacha hua maghribi hissa Paul Kahle ko dikhaya. Yeh naqsha aaj bhi Topkapi Palace ke ajaib ghar ke kutub khane mein mahfooz hai. Soucek batate hain ke Piri Reis ka ek doosra naqsha bhi mila hai jis par 1528 ki tareekh hai, aur is par jazair Azores, Greenland, Newfoundland, Florida aur Caribbean ke sahil dikhaye gaye hain.

Kitab-e-Bahriya

Piri Reis ka sab se bada kaam "Kitab-e-Bahriya" (Kitab-i Bahriye) yaani "samandari umoor ki kitab" hai, jo Bahira-e-Room ke liye jahaz rani ki hidayat ka majmua hai. Is ka har baab kisi ek sahil ya jazeere ke bare mein hai aur sath is ka naqsha hai. Soucek ke mutabiq is ke do nuskhe tayyar hue: pehla 1521 mein mukammal hua jis mein 130 baab aur naqshe the, aur doosra 1526 mein jis mein 210 naqshe the.

1520 mein Sultan Suleiman ke takht par baithne ke baad Piri Reis ne yeh kitab unhein pesh karne ke liye likhi. 1524 aur 1525 mein woh is jahaz ke pilot the jo Sadr-e-Azam Ibrahim Pasha ko Egypt le gaya, aur raste mein unhon ne apni kitab Sadr-e-Azam ko dikhai, jinhon ne ise ziyada umda shakl mein dobara tayyar karne ka mashwara diya. Yun doosra, ziyada mufassil nuskha wujood mein aaya, jis ke manzoom dibache mein Piri Reis tufanon aur hawaon, qutb numa, samandari naqshon aur sitaron se rasta maloom karne par likhte hain. Soucek ke tarjume ke mutabiq is mein ek jagah woh kehte hain ke yeh ilm sirf naqshon se nahin aata, ise bayan karna parta hai, ise parkar se nahin napa ja sakta, "isi liye maine itni tafseel se likha hai."

Soucek ke mutabiq Piri Reis ka intiqal 1554 mein hua. Un ki Kitab-e-Bahriya ke donon nuskhe mukhtalif katibon ke haath ke kai qalmi nuskhon ki surat mein aaj bhi maujood hain.

Agli qist: Balboa: Bahr-ul-Kahil ka pehla European nazara.