Rabban Bar Sauma: Beijing ka rahib jo Paris aur Rome tak pahuncha

Hum Marco Polo ko yaad rakhte hain jo Europe se China gaya, magar isi zamane mein ek musafir ulti simt bhi chala tha. Beijing ka ek boorha rahib, Rabban Bar Sauma (Rabban Bar Sauma), Mongol badshah ka elchi ban kar Constantinople, Rome, Paris aur France ke junoob mein England ke badshah ke darbar tak pahuncha. Us ne Europe ko isi hairat se dekha jis hairat se European sayyah mashriq ko dekhte the, aur apna haal khud likh chhora.

Khan Baliq ka larka

British mahir-e-mashriqiyat E. A. Wallis Budge (E. A. Wallis Budge) ne 1928 mein is safarnamay ka angrezi tarjuma "The Monks of Kublai Khan" (The Monks of Kublai Khan) ke naam se shaya kiya. Un ke taaruf ke mutabiq Sauma ke walid Shiban aur walida Kiyamta ek khushhal gharane se the aur "Khan Baliq" yaani "Khan ka shehar" mein rehte the, jo aaj ka Beijing hai. Wikipedia ke mutabiq Sauma taqriban 1220 mein paida hue. "Bar Sauma" ka matlab hai "roze ka beta", aur "Rabban" Suryani zaban mein "hamare ustad" ke maani mein rahibon ka ek aizazi laqab hai.

Budge ke mutabiq jawani mein Sauma ne duniya tark kar di, apna maal ghareebon mein bant diya aur Beijing se ek din ki masafat par pahar ke ek ghaar mein ja base. Un ki shohrat phaili to Koshang shehar ka ek naujawan Mark (Mark) un ka shagird ban gaya. Donon ne Bait-ul-Maqdis ki Ziarat ka irada kiya aur maghrib ki taraf chal pare.

Shahrah-e-resham par mushkilat

Budge ke mutabiq yeh donon pehle Tangut ke ilaqe se guzre, phir do mahine taqriban be-aab sehraon mein chal kar Khotan (Khotan) pahunche. Wahan Kublai Khan aur us ke ek harif ke darmiyan jang chhidi hui thi, raste band the aur anaaj kam tha, is liye unhein chhe mahine rukna para. Is ke baad woh Kashgar (Kashgar) pahunche, wohi shehar jise Marco Polo "Cascar" likhta hai, magar shehar lut chuka tha aur log bhag gaye the.

Kashgar se aage Kublai ke harif Kaidu (Kaidu) ka ilaqa shuru hota tha, jahan qafilon ke raste ghair mehfooz the. Budge likhte hain ke donon rahib bari mushkil se Khorasan pahunche, taqriban sab kuch raste mein kho chuke the, aur Tus ke qareeb ek khanqah mein panah li. Woh kabhi Bait-ul-Maqdis na pahunch sake. Is ke bajaye, Budge ke mutabiq, naujawan Mark ko pehle ek bara mazhabi ohda mila aur phir 1281 mein woh apne kalisa ka sarbarah (Patriarch) muntakhab ho gaya aur "Yahb Allah soam" kehlaya.

Arghun Khan ka elchi

Iran par is waqt Mongol Ilkhani hukumat thi. Wikipedia ke mutabiq Ilkhani hukmaran Arghun Khan (Arghun) Misr aur Sham ke Mamluk sultanon ke khilaf European badshahon se fauji ittehad chahta tha, aur isi silsile mein 1287 mein us ne boorhe Sauma ko Europe bheja. Budge ke mutabiq Arghun ne Yunan (Byzantine saltanat) aur Rome ke badshahon ke naam khat aur tohfe tayyar karwaye aur Sauma ko shahi ikhtiyar ki nishani "paiza", do hazar misqal sona aur tees achhe sawari ke ghore diye.

Sauma khushki ke raste Bahira-e-Aswad ke kinare Samsun pahunche aur wahan se jahaz mein Constantinople aaye. Byzantine shahenshah Andronicus II (Andronicus II) ne un ki izzat se mehman nawazi ki. Wikipedia ke mutabiq Sauma ne Aya Sofia ka bare josh se zikr kiya hai.

Italy: aatish fishan aur behri jang

Constantinople se behri safar mein Sauma ne ek aatish fishan ko aag ugalte dekha; Wikipedia ke mutabiq yeh 18 June 1287 ko jazira Sicily mein Mount Etna ka bara dhamaka tha. Budge likhte hain ke do mahine ke thaka dene wale safar ke baad woh Naples (Naples) utre, aur wahan ek makan ki chhat se do badshahon ke behri beron ki larai dekhi.

Rome pahunche to maloom hua ke Pope Honorius IV foot ho chuke hain. Cardinals ne izzat se thehraya magar kaha ke naye Pope ke intikhab tak Arghun ke khat ka jawab nahin diya ja sakta. Sauma wahan se Tuscany aur phir Genoa (Genoa) gaye. Budge ke mutabiq Genoa mein koi badshah nahin tha, log ek jamhoori nizam ke tahat rehte the, jo mashriq se aane wale musafir ke liye hairat ki baat thi.

Paris ki dars gahein aur England ka badshah

Taqriban ek maah ke safar ke baad Sauma Paris pahunche. France ke badshah Philip IV (Philip IV) ne un ka shandar istiqbal kiya aur Arghun ka khat parh kar madad ka wada kiya. Sauma ek mahina Paris mein rahe aur apne safarnamay mein likha ke shehar mein tees hazar talib-e-ilm Taleem hasil kar rahe the. Badshah ne jawab ke saath apna ek ameer Arghun ke paas bhejne ka wada kiya; Wikipedia ke mutabiq yeh ameer, Gobert de Helleville, 2 February 1288 ko rawana hua.

Paris se Sauma France ke junoob maghribi ilaqe Gascony (Gascony) pahunche, jo is zamane mein England ke badshah ke tahat tha. Yahan un ki mulaqat England ke badshah Edward I (Edward I) se hui, jis ne unhein tohfe aur safar kharch diya. Wikipedia ke mutabiq Edward ne safarat ka garm joshi se khair maqdam kiya, magar apne mulk ke andruni jhagron ke baais kisi fauji ittehad mein shamil na ho saka.

Wapsi aur safarnamay ki daryaft

Sauma ne sardiyan Genoa mein guzarin. Budge ke mutabiq wahan unhon ne ek Cardinal se shikayat ki ke woh pura ek saal naye Pope ke intezar mein zaya kar chuke hain. Akhir February 1288 mein Nicholas IV (Nicholas IV) Pope muntakhab hue, Sauma ko Rome bulaya, izzat se rukhsat kiya aur wapsi ke kharch ke liye derh hazar misqal sona diya. Wikipedia ke mutabiq Sauma 1288 mein Ilkhani darbar wapas pahunche. Agle baras, 1289 mein, Arghun ne France ke badshah ko Mongol rasm-ul-khat mein jo khat likha us mein Sauma ki safarat ka hawala maujood hai; yeh khat aaj bhi France ke qaumi archives mein mehfooz hai. Ittehad kabhi amal mein na aaya.

Budge likhte hain ke Arghun ne khush ho kar Sauma ko apne darbar mein maqam diya. Sauma 1294 mein Baghdad mein foot hue.

Budge ke mutabiq yeh safarnama asal mein Farsi mein likha gaya tha, jis ka mukhtasar Suryani tarjuma hum tak pahuncha. Sadiyon tak yeh gum raha, yahan tak ke March 1887 mein Kurdistan ke ek gaon mein is ka ek qalami nuskha mila aur 1888 mein Paris se pehli baar shaya hua. Wikipedia ke baqaul yeh safarnama salibi jangon ke aakhri daur ke Europe ki ek aisi tasveer hai jo mashriq se aane wale ek zaheen mubassir ki aankh se dekhi gayi.

Agli qist: Ibn Battuta: teen barr-e-azam ka sayyah aur Sindh ka safar.