Scylax: Dara ka mallah, darya-e-Sindh se bahira-e-ahmar tak

Taqriban dhai hazar saal pehle Iran ke badshah Dara ke zehn mein ek sawal tha: darya-e-Sindh aakhir kahan ja kar samandar mein girta hai? Is sawal ka jawab dhoondne ke liye us ne kashtiyan rawana kin, aur un ke saath Asia-e-Koochak ke ek mallah ko bheja jis ka naam Scylax (Scylax) tha. Yeh qafila Gandhara ke ilaqe se darya mein utra, Sindh ke delta tak pahuncha, aur phir samandar ke raste Makuran, Arab aur bahira-e-ahmar se hota hua Misr ja pahuncha. Hamari sarzameen se guzarne wali jin Muhimmat ka haal tareekh mein likha milta hai, yeh un mein qadeem tareen mein se hai.

Pas manzar: Caria ka mallah aur Dara ki saltanat

Herodotus Scylax ko "Caryanda (Caryanda) ka aadmi" kehta hai. Caryanda Asia-e-Koochak (maujooda Turkey) ke janub maghribi ilaqe Caria (Caria) ki ek chhoti basti thi; ittefaq se Herodotus ka apna shehar Halicarnassus bhi isi ilaqe mein tha. Yeh ilaqa us zamane mein Irani Achaemenid saltanat ka hissa tha, is liye Scylax Irani badshah ki mulazimat mein tha.

Encyclopaedia Britannica likhta hai ke Herodotus ke mutabiq Dara awwal ne taqriban 515 BC mein Scylax ko darya-e-Sindh ka rasta maloom karne bheja. Livius website ke mudeer Jona Lendering (Jona Lendering) ke mutabiq yeh safar 519 BC ke baad hua, jab Dara ki hukumat mustahkam ho chuki thi, aur 512 BC se pehle, jab Hindustan ka ilaqa bazahir Irani saltanat ka hissa ban chuka tha.

Safar: Caspatyros se samandar tak

Herodotus kitab chaharum mein likhta hai ke Asia ka bada hissa Dara ne daryaft kiya. Woh jannna chahta tha ke darya-e-Sindh, jo us ke baqaul duniya ke un do daryaon mein se hai jin mein magarmach paye jate hain, kahan samandar mein girta hai. Us ne kai aise logon ko jahazon ke saath bheja jin ki sachai par use bharosa tha, aur un mein Caryanda ka Scylax bhi tha.

Yeh log "Caspatyros (Caspatyros) shehar aur Pactyike (Pactyike) ke mulk" se rawana hue aur darya ke bahao ke saath "mashriq aur sooraj nikalne ki simt" samandar tak gaye. Lendering likhte hain ke Pactyike qadeem Gandhara ka hissa tha, aur Caspatyros, jis ka kisi aur masdar mein zikr nahin, darya-e-Kabul ke kinare kahin hoga. Chunke darya-e-Sindh mashriq ki taraf nahin balke janub ki taraf behta hai, kai muhaqqiqin ka khayal hai ke qafila pehle darya-e-Kabul mein mashriq ki taraf chala aur Sindh se milne ke baad janub ki taraf mura, ya phir Herodotus se simt ke bayan mein chook hui.

Yehi Caspatyros Herodotus ki kitab soam mein bhi aata hai. Wahan woh likhta hai ke Caspatyros aur Pactyike ke paas rehne wale Hindustani baqi Hindustaniyon se shumal mein rehte hain, sab se ziyada jangju hain, aur wohi ret ke sehra mein "sona khodne wali cheentiyon" se sona lane jate hain. Is kahani ka zikr is silsile ki chhatti qist mein Herodotus ke hawale se aayega.

Samandar ka rasta: tiswan mahina

Herodotus ke mutabiq darya ke dahane se yeh log samandar mein maghrib ki taraf chale aur tiswein mahine mein us jagah pahunche jahan se Misr ke badshah ne Phoenician mallahon ko Africa ke gird safar par rawana kiya tha, yani bahira-e-ahmar ke shumali sire par. Britannica ise dhai baras ka safar likhta hai jo Suez ke qareeb khatam hua.

Herodotus safar ki tafseel nahin deta. Lendering ke mutabiq rasta darya-e-Sindh, bahar-e-Hind ke sahil aur khaleej-e-Fars se guzra hoga, aur phir jazeera numa-e-Arab ke gird ghoom kar bahira-e-ahmar mein dakhil hua hoga. Woh likhte hain ke is sahil ka andaza hamein do sadi baad ke ek safar se hota hai: Sikandar-e-Azam ka ameer-ul-bahar Nearchus (Nearchus) isi raste se Sindh se Makuran ke sahil ke saath khaleej-e-Fars tak gaya, aur us ke bayan mein madd o jazr, whale machhliyon aur Gedrosia ke sahil ki sakht zindagi ka zikr hai. Nearchus ka yeh safar is silsile ki satwin qist ka mauzu hai.

Safar ke baad: Sindh Irani saltanat mein

Herodotus likhta hai ke is safar ke baad Dara ne Hindustaniyon ko apne tabe kiya aur us samandar ko istemal karne laga. Lendering ke mutabiq isi liye yeh muhim darasl wadi-e-Sindh ki fatah ki tayyari thi. Herodotus Dara ki saltanat ke subon ki fehrist mein Hindustaniyon ka beeswan suba ginwata hai jo har saal teen sau saath talent sone ka burada kharaj deta tha, jo us ke baqaul sab subon se ziyada tha.

Baaz mubassirin ne yeh shak bhi zahir kiya hai ke yeh safar Herodotus ke bayan ke mutabiq hua ya nahin, kyunke us ka wahid tafseeli zikr isi ki kitab mein hai; magar Britannica aur Lendering dono ise tareekhi mante hain.

Scylax ki gumshuda kitab

Britannica ke mutabiq Scylax jughrafiye ka ek pesh-rau aur Hindustan ka haal likhne wala pehla maghribi mushahida kar tha. Qadeem musannifin ke hawalon se maloom hota hai ke us ne apne safaron ka haal likha tha, magar woh kitab zaya ho gayi. Jo chand tukre bache hain un se lagta hai ke yeh mallahon ke liye sahili rehnuma ki shakl mein thi, jis mein jughrafiya bhi tha, logon ka haal bhi, aur Hindustan ke bayan mein kuch ajeeb o ghareeb qisse bhi.

Yunani philosopher Aristotle (Aristotle) apni kitab "Siyasiyat" (Politics) mein isi kitab ka hawala deta hai: woh likhta hai ke hukmran apni raiyyat se itne bartar nahin hote "jitna Scylax batata hai ke Hindustan mein hain". Britannica ke mutabiq jo "Periplus" (sahili safarnama) aaj Scylax ke naam se maujood hai woh us ka likha hua nahin ho sakta, balke baad ke kisi musannif ka hai. Lendering likhte hain ke qadeem duniya mein Scylax ki shohrat itni badi thi ke chauthi sadi qabl masih ki ek bahri rehnuma kitab isi ke naam se shaya ki gayi.

Ahmiyat

Scylax ka safar woh pehla mauqa hai jab darya-e-Sindh, Gandhara aur Sindh ke sahil Yunani tehriron mein dakhil hue. Isi se Yunaniyon ko maloom hua ke Hindustan se samandar ke raste Misr tak pahuncha ja sakta hai. Do sadi baad Sikandar aur Nearchus isi raste par chale, aur us ke baad sadiyon tak Sindh ke delta se bahira-e-ahmar tak tijarati jahaz chalte rahe, jin ka zikr is silsile ki daswin qist mein hoga.

Agli qist: Hanno: Carthage ka ameer-ul-bahar aur Africa ka maghribi sahil.