Pytheas: Bahira-e-Room se “Thule” tak, jahan sooraj ghuroob nahin hota

Zara tasawwur kijiye: Bahira-e-Room ki dhoop mein pala barha ek Yunani shimal ke aise samandar mein ja pahunchta hai jahan garmiyon mein raat hoti hi nahin, pani par baraf ki gol tikiyan tairti hain aur dhund mein zameen, pani aur hawa alag nazar nahin aate. Woh wapas aa kar yeh sab likhta hai to us ke apne ham-watan use jhoota kehte hain. Yeh Pytheas (Pytheas) tha, janubi France ke Yunani shehr Massalia ka bashinda, jis ka safar qadeem duniya ki sab se hairat angez muhimmon mein shumar hota hai.

Pas manzar: Massalia ka mallah

World History Encyclopedia mein Thomas Garlinghouse (Thomas Garlinghouse) likhte hain ke Pytheas Massalia (Massalia) ka shehri tha jo aaj France ka shehr Marseille hai. Yeh shehr Bahira-e-Room ke maghrib mein ek badi tijarati taqat tha. Pytheas mahir mallah aur mahir-e-falakiyat ke taur par jana jata tha. Us ke bare mein zati maloomat taqriban na hone ke barabar hain; Yunani muarrikh Polybius (Polybius) ne haqarat se use ek "aam shehri" aur "gharib aadmi" kaha.

Us zamane mein Bahira-e-Room ke logon ko qalai (tin) aur kahruba (amber) shimal ki door daraz sarzameenon se milte the, magar woh sarzameenen un ke liye afsana thin. Yunani deomala mein wahan "Hyperboreans" (Hyperboreans) naam ke log baste the. Pytheas in ilaqon tak khud pahuncha.

Safar: Jabal-ul-Tariq se Britain tak

Pytheas ne apna safarnama "Samandar ke bare mein" (On the Ocean) ke naam se likha, jo ab maujood nahin. Us ke sirf tukde doosre musannifeen, jaise Strabo (Strabo), Pliny (Pliny the Elder), Diodorus aur Polybius, ki kitabon mein mahfooz hain. Inhi tukdon se muhaqqiqeen ne us ka rasta joda hai, aur us ki bohat si tafseelat qayas par mabni hain.

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq woh taqriban 330 BC mein Massalia se nikla, "Hercules ke sutoon" yani abnae Jabal-ul-Tariq se guzar kar Bahr-e-Auqiyanoos mein dakhil hua, aur Spain aur France ke maghribi sahil ke sath shimal ki taraf barha. Phir woh English Channel paar kar ke "Belerion" pahuncha, jise muhaqqiqeen Cornwall (Cornwall) samajhte hain. Wahan us ne maqami logon ko qalai nikalte aur tijarat ke liye tayyar karte dekha.

Strabo, jo Pytheas ka sakht mukhalif tha, us ke hawale se likhta hai ke Pytheas ne Britain ke qabil-e-rasai hisson mein ghoomne ka daawa kiya aur us jazeere ka ghera chalees hazar stadia se zyada bataya. Pliny batata hai ke Pytheas ke baqaul Britain mein madd o jazr ke waqt pani assi haath tak charh jata hai. Yeh aadad mubalagha hain, magar aham baat yeh hai ke Bahira-e-Room ke log, jin ke samandar mein madd o jazr bohat kam hai, pehli baar Auqiyanoos ki badi lehron ka haal sun rahe the.

Strabo, apni mukhalifat ke bawajood, manta hai ke shimal ke sard ilaqon ke bare mein Pytheas ki yeh baat maqool hai ke wahan dhoop aur khushk Mausam kam hone ki wajah se log anaaj khaliyan mein nahin balke bade godamon mein gahte hain.

Kya dekha: Thule aur "samandari phephra"

Pytheas ki sab se mashhoor khabar "Thule" (Thule) ki hai. Pliny likhta hai ke Pytheas ke mutabiq Thule Britain ke shimal se chhe din ki behri masafat par hai, aur wahan garmiyon ke sab se bade din ke aas paas raat nahin hoti aur sardiyon mein din nahin hota. Strabo ke mutabiq Pytheas ne likha ke Thule ke liye garmiyon ka madar aur qutbi daira ek hi hain, yani woh qutbi daire ke qareeb hai.

Thule kahan tha? Yeh sawal aaj tak hal nahin hua. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq baaz ulama use Iceland samajhte hain aur baaz Norway. Pliny ka mazeed kehna hai ke Thule se ek din ki masafat par "jama hua samandar" hai.

Strabo ne Pytheas ka ek ajeeb jumla naqal kiya hai: shimal mein ek aisa maqam hai jahan na zameen alag hai, na pani, na hawa, balke sab mil kar ek aisi cheez ban gaye hain jo "samandari phephre" jaisi hai, aur jis mein na paidal chala ja sakta hai na jahaz chalaya ja sakta hai. Pytheas ka kehna tha ke yeh cheez us ne khud dekhi. Garlinghouse ke mutabiq "samandari phephra" jellyfish ka Yunani naam tha, aur zyada tar muhaqqiqeen samajhte hain ke Pytheas dar asal samandar par tairti baraf ki gol tikiyon ("pancake ice") ko bayan kar raha tha, jis ke liye us ki zabaan mein koi lafz nahin tha.

Wapsi par woh ghaliban Britain ke mashriqi sahil ke sath neeche aaya aur phir shimali Europe ke sahil ke sath mashriq ki taraf gaya. Pliny ke mutabiq Pytheas ne Gutones naam ki ek German qaum ka zikr kiya jo ek darya ke dahane par rehti thi, aur us se ek din ki masafat par "Abalus" naam ka jazeera tha jahan bahar mein lehren kahruba kinare par la phenkti thin; wahan ke log use endhan ke taur par jalate aur padosiyon ko bechte the.

Ahmiyat: "Jhoota" ya scientist?

Strabo ne Pytheas ko bar bar jhoota qarar diya aur likha ke jin mulkon ko log jante hain un ke bare mein us ki ghaltiyan sabit karti hain ke door ke mulkon ke bare mein us ki baatein aur bhi ghalat hongi. Garlinghouse ke mutabiq yeh mukhalifat ghaliban Polybius se aayi thi, aur mahir-e-asar Barry Cunliffe (Barry Cunliffe) ne use "peshawarana hasad" kaha hai.

Magar Strabo hi ki kitab se yeh bhi pata chalta hai ke Pytheas ne Massalia mein sooraj ke saye ko "gnomon" (saya napne ki seedhi salakh) se naap kar shehr ka arz balad maloom kiya tha, aur baad ke mahir-e-falakiyat Hipparchus (Hipparchus) ne is paimaish par bharosa kiya. Garlinghouse ke mutabiq us ki kitab ke bache hue tukdon mein madd o jazr par chand ke asar ki bahas bhi milti hai.

Yaadgar

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq aaj kam hi muarrikh is safar ke haqiqi hone par shak karte hain; bahas sirf is par hai ke woh theek theek kahan kahan gaya. Marseille mein aaj us ka mujassama maujood hai, aur "Thule" ka lafz European zabanon mein "duniya ka aakhri kinara" ke maani mein zinda hai.