Sarzameen-e-Punt: Misr ki bahri Muhimmat aur Malika Hatshepsut ka bera

Qadeem Misri ek mulk ko "khuda ki sarzameen" kehte the. Wahan se murr (myrrh) aur loban jaisi khushbuein aati thin jin ke baghair un ke mandiron ki rasmein adhoori thin, aur abnoos, hathi daant, sona aur bandar bhi. Is mulk ka naam Punt (Punt) tha. Sadiyon tak Misri bere Bahr-e-Ahmar mein junoob ki taraf is ki talash mein nikalte rahe, aur un mein sab se mashhoor muhim Malika Hatshepsut (Hatshepsut) ki hai jis ki poori kahani pathar par tasveeron ki soorat mein aaj bhi mehfooz hai.

Pas manzar: Punt ke purane safar

Pichli qist mein hum ne dekha ke badshah Pepi doam ne Harkhuf ko likha ke woh bone ko dekhne ki khwahish "Sina aur Punt ke tohfon" se bhi zyada rakhta hai. Punt ka zikr is se bhi purana hai. James Henry Breasted ke 1906 ke tarjume ke mutabiq Palermo Stone (Palermo Stone) par likha hai ke panchwen shahi khandan ke badshah Sahure (Sahure) ke zamane mein Punt se murr ke assi hazar paimane laye gaye. Badshah Isesi ke daur mein khazanchi Burded wahan se ek raqqas bauna laya. Pepi doam ke zamane ka ek afsar Bahr-e-Ahmar ke sahil par Punt ke safar ke liye jahaz bana raha tha ke sehrai qabilon ne use maar dala. Gyarahwen khandan mein Henu (Henu) naami khazanchi Nil ke shehar Qift (Koptos) se sehra paar kar ke sahil tak gaya aur wahan se Punt ke liye jahaz rawana kiya.

Is ka matlab yeh hai ke Misri jahaz aksar Nil par nahin balkeh Bahr-e-Ahmar ke kinare bante ya jore jate the, aur saman aur lakdi sehra ke paar layi jati thi.

Mersa Gawasis: Punt ki bandargah

Is baat ka sab se thos saboot ikeesween sadi mein mila. Boston University ki mahir-e-asar-e-qadeema Kathryn Bard (Kathryn Bard) aur Italy ke Rodolfo Fattovich (Rodolfo Fattovich) 2003 se Misr ke Bahr-e-Ahmar ke sahil par Mersa/Wadi Gawasis (Mersa/Wadi Gawasis) mein ek qadeem bandargah ki khudai kar rahe the. Christmas 2004 ke din Bard ka haath ek surakh mein gaya to andar khali jagah thi: yeh insan ka khoda hua ek ghaar tha.

Boston University ke risale ke mutabiq in ghaaron se taqriban artees sau baras purana jahaz rani ka saman mila: pathar ke langar, jahazon ki lakdi, aur deodar ke do kham daar takhte jo Bard ke khayal mein taqriban paintees foot lambe jahaz ke patwaron ke phal the. Ek ghaar mein rasson ke taqriban chhabbees lachhe aise pare the jaise mallah abhi chhor kar gaye hon. Bahar ek katba mila jis mein badshah Amenemhat soam (Amenemhat III) ke zamane ki do shahi Muhimmat ka zikr hai, ek Punt ki aur doosri "Bia Punt" ki. Chalees se zyada saman ke sandooq bhi mile; in mein se do par Amenemhat chaharum ka naam aur yeh alfaz likhe the: "Punt ki ajeeb o ghareeb cheezein".

Hatshepsut ka bera

Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq Hatshepsut Misr ki woh khatoon farmanrawa thin jinhon ne taqriban 1473 se 1458 q m tak firaun ke poore alqab ke sath hukumat ki. Britannica likhta hai ke un ka daur bunyadi taur par puramn tha aur un ki kharja policy jang ke bajaye tijarat par qaim thi. Darya-e-Nil ke maghribi kinare par Deir el-Bahri (Deir el-Bahri) mein un ke mandir ki deewaron par Punt ki muhim ke manazir kanda hain. Breasted unhein Misr ke sab se dilchasp nuqoosh aur Punt ke bare mein pehla aur wahid mukammal makhaz kehte hain. Un ke mutabiq yeh muhim malika ke daur-e-hukumat ke nawen saal se kuch pehle kamyabi se mukammal hui.

Deewar par tehreer hai ke yeh muhim devta Amun ke hukm se bheji gayi taake "har mulk ke ajaibat" laye jayen. Pehle manzar mein paanch jahaz hain: do abhi bandhe hue hain aur baqi badban khol chuke hain. Sahil par "Punt ki malika" devi Hathor (Hathor) ke naam nazar di ja rahi hai taake woh hawa chalaye, aur ek jahaz ke peechhe mallah ka hukm likha hai: "Baen taraf modo".

Punt mein istaqbal

Agle manzar mein bera Punt pahunch chuka hai. Malika ka elchi sipahiyon ke sath aage barhta hai; is ke samne haar, kulhariyan aur khanjar rakhe hain jo Breasted ke mutabiq tijarat ke liye the. Doosri taraf se Punt ka sardar Parehu (Parehu) aata hai, is ke peechhe is ki biwi Ati (Ati), do bete aur ek beti, aur ek gadha jis ke upar likha hai: "Woh gadha jo is ki biwi ko uthata hai". Pas manzar mein darakhton ke beech Punt ke logon ke ghar hain jo lakdi ke khambon par unche bane hue hain.

Punt ke log hairat se poochte hain: "Tum is mulk mein kaise aaye jise log nahin jante? Kya tum aasman ke raston se utre, ya khuda ki sarzameen ke samundar par jahaz chala kar aaye?" Misri elchi ne murr ke baghon mein apna khema lagaya aur Punt ke sardaron ko roti, sharab, gosht aur phal pesh kiye.

Wapsi: iktees zinda darakht

Phir jahaz lade gaye. Deewar ki fehrist ke mutabiq un par murr ke zinda darakht, murr ki gond ke dher, abnoos, khalis hathi daant, sona, dar cheeni ki lakdi, bakhoor, surma, bandar, kutte aur junoob ke cheeton ki khalein thin. Darakht uthane wale mazdooron ke upar likha hai: "Paon sambhal ke! Bojh bohat bhari hai!" Aur tehreer daawa karti hai ke "Aisi cheezein azal se kisi badshah ke liye nahin layi gayin".

Thebes (Thebes) wapas pahunch kar saman Amun ke huzoor pesh hua. Ek manzar mein darakhton ke paas likha hai: "Murr ke iktees taza darakht, jo Punt ke ajaibat ke taur par laye gaye". Britannica ke mutabiq yeh darakht Deir el-Bahri ke baghon mein lagaye gaye. Ek aur manzar mein malika khud electrum (sone aur chandi ka qudrati murakkab) naapti hain aur murr ki khushbu un ke jism par mili hai.

Breasted likhte hain ke Hatshepsut ke baad ke zamane mein un ke naam aur tasveerein in nuqoosh se kharach di gayin, is liye bohat si tehreerein mushkil se parhi jati hain.

Punt kahan tha?

Punt ka sahi maqam aaj bhi muhaqqiqin ke darmiyan bahas ka mauzu hai. Breasted ise yaqeeni taur par Africa mein aur ghaliban Somalia ke sahil par samajhte the; doosre muhaqqiqin Sudan, Eritrea aur Ethiopia ke sahili ilaqon ki taraf ishara karte hain, aur kuch ne Arab ka junoobi hissa bhi tajweez kiya hai. Kathryn Bard ka apna khayal mashriqi Sudan ka hai.

Is bahas mein haal hi mein ek naya saboot aaya. Science ke jaride "eLife" (eLife) mein December 2020 mein shaya hone wali ek tehqeeq mein Nathaniel Dominy (Nathaniel Dominy) aur sathiyon ne Misri maqbron aur mandiron se milne wale hanoot shuda bandron (baboon) ki baqiyat mein oxygen aur strontium ke isotope jancha aur unhein sattar maqamat ke ek sau pachpan baboonon se milaya. Nai saltanat ke zamane ke do baboon us ilaqe se aaye the jis mein aaj ke Ethiopia, Eritrea aur Djibouti ka bara hissa aur Somalia aur Yemen ke kuch hisse shamil hain. Muhaqqiqin ke mutabiq yeh nateeja Punt ke maqam ke bare mein ulama ki aksariyati raye ki taeed karta hai.

Ahmiyat

Punt ki Muhimmat insan ki qadeem tareen munazzam bahri tijarat mein se hain. Un ke liye jahaz banana, sehra paar saman lana, hawa ke Mausam ka intezar karna aur ek door daraz qaum se len den karna, yeh sab hazaron saal pehle mumkin tha. Hatshepsut ke mandir ki deewar is poori kahani ko ek tasweeri safarnamay ki tarah sunati hai, aur isi liye yeh malika tareekh mein ek tajir aur memar farmanrawa ke taur par yaad ki jati hain.

Agli qist: Phoenici mallah aur Africa ka chakkar: firaun Necho doam ki muhim.