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Loha, aasman se gire pathar se bhatti tak

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Aap ke ghar ki chhat mein saria hai, darwaze mein qabzay, bawarchi khane mein chhuri aur sarak par daurti gaari mein engine. In sab mein ek hi dhaat buniyad hai: loha, ya is se bana faulad. Aaj yeh itni aam cheez hai ke hum is par ghaur bhi nahin karte, magar ek zamana aisa bhi tha jab loha sone chandi ki tarah nayab aur qeemti tha, aur is ka sab se purana zariya zameen nahin balke aasman tha.

Aasman ka loha

Lohe ki ibtidai kahani ek paheli se shuru hoti hai. Zameen ki satah par lohe ki kuch dhaat bohat aam hai, magar is mein loha oxygen ke sath jura hota hai aur ise alag karne ke liye tez aag aur khas maharat darkar hai. Phir bhi kansi ke daur ke logon ke paas lohe ki chand cheezein mojood thin. Yeh kahan se aayin?

France ke qaumi tehqeeqi idare CNRS ke mutabiq Paris ke ek tehqeeqi idare se wabasta maahir Albert Jambon ne 2017 mein is sawal ka ek jawab diya. Unhon ne X-ray ki madad se, cheezon ko nuqsan pohnchaye baghair, kansi ke daur ki kai mashhoor ahani ashya ki jaanch ki: Misr ke maqam Gerzeh se milne wale taqriban 3200 qabl masih ke moti, Turkey ke Alaca Hoyuk se taqriban 2500 qabl masih ka ek khanjar, Sham ke Ugarit se ek kulhari, aur Misr ke firaun Tutankhamun ka khanjar, kangan aur takiya numa sirhana.

Un ka nateeja yeh tha ke yeh sab shahabiye ke lohe se bani thin. Wajah nickel namee dhaat hai. Zameen bante waqt is ka taqriban sara nickel pighle hue lohe ke sath is ke markaz mein chala gaya, is liye satah ki kuch dhaat mein nickel bohat kam hota hai. Is ke bar aks bohat se ahani shahabiyon mein nickel aur cobalt ki miqdar zyada hoti hai. Scientific American ke mutabiq Tutankhamun ke khanjar mein taqriban 11 faisad nickel paya gaya, jabke zameeni kuch dhaat se nikale gaye lohe mein yeh ek faisad se bhi kam hota hai. Jambon ne likha ke kansi ke daur ka loha shahabiyon se aaya tha, aur is se is daur mein qabl az waqt pighlane ke qiyasat ghalat sabit hote hain.

Anatolia ki bhattiyan

Magar kahani itni sada bhi nahin. Turkey ke wasti ilaqe Anatolia mein Kaman-Kalehoyuk namee teele par khudai se kansi ke daur ki kuch ahani cheezein mili hain. 2023 mein Nurcan Kucukarslan aur sathiyon ne yahan se milne wali kansi ke ibtidai aur darmiyani adwar ki ahani ashya ka dobara tajziya kiya. Un ke mutabiq ibtidai kansi daur ki ek cheez mein lohe, nickel aur cobalt ki miqdar shahabiyon se nahin balke zameeni kuch dhaat se mail khati hai. Yun mahireen mein yeh bahas jari hai ke zameeni loha pighlane ki pehli koshishein kab shuru huin.

Isi tehqeeq mein bataya gaya hai ke mekhi takhtiyon ke mutabiq Anatolia ke Hittites log, taqriban 1700 se 1200 qabl masih ke darmiyan, loha banane mein maahir samjhe jate the. Magar un ki tehriron mein bhi loha ek nayab aur qeemti dhaat hai jo zyada tar mandiron mein nazrane aur badshahon ko tohfe ke taur par di jati thi. Is se pehle, taqriban 2000 se 1700 qabl masih ke Ashori tijarati daur mein bhi loha bohat qeemti dhaat tha aur thori thori miqdar mein bikta tha.

Loha banta kaise hai?

Isi maqale mein loha banane ke teen buniyadi marahil bayan kiye gaye hain. Pehle kuch dhaat ko koyle ke sath bhatti mein garam kar ke lohe ka ek sponge numa dhela tayyar kiya jata hai. Phir ise hathore se koot kar is ki mail nikali jati hai aur ek salakh banai jati hai. Akhir mein ise bar bar garam kar ke matlooba shakal di jati hai. Khalis loha naram hota hai, is liye is mein carbon mila kar ise sakht kiya jata hai. Do faisad tak carbon wala loha faulad kehlata hai.

CNRS ke mutabiq pighlane ka yahi fan, yaani kuch dhaat se oxygen alag karna, lohe ke daur ki shuruat tha. Is ke baad logon ko aasman se girne wale nayab pattharon ka intezar nahin karna para, kyunke zameen par kuch dhaat kahin zyada aam aur asani se dastiyab thi.

Lohe ka daur

Riwayati taur par Mashriq-e-Wusta mein lohe ke daur ka aghaz taqriban 1200 qabl masih se mana jata hai. CNRS ke mutabiq yeh daur Anatolia aur Caucasus mein shuru hua. World History Encyclopedia likhta hai ke isi zamane mein Bahira-e-Room ki kai bari tehzeebein zawal ka shikar huin, jise "kansi ke daur ka inhidam" kaha jata hai, aur is ke baad lohe ne kansi ki jagah le li.

Barre-saghir mein bhi lohe ki sanat taqriban isi zamane mein ubhri. Maahir-e-asar Jonathan Mark Kenoyer ke mutabiq shumali barre-saghir mein loha banane ka kaam taqriban 1200 qabl masih mein zahir hua, aur qadeem tareen maloom bhattiyan Aravalli pahariyon ke shumali hisse mein thin. Un ka khayal hai ke shayad yeh fan inhi tanba garon ne ijad kiya jo wadi-e-Sindh ke karigaron ki riwayat ke waris the. Baad ki sadiyon mein lohe ke auzar aur hathiyar pure khitte mein aam ho gaye.

Hamari rozmarra zindagi mein

Lohe ne insan ko saste aur mazboot auzar diye. Kansi ke bar aks, jis ke liye tanba aur tin dono darkar the, lohe ki kuch dhaat zameen par bakasrat milti thi. Kenoyer ke mutabiq barre-saghir mein bhi rafta rafta lohe ke auzar aam ho gaye.

Aaj Pakistan ke kisi bhi shehar mein tameer hoti imarat ko dekhein to concrete ke andar faulad ki salakhein hi ise khara rakhti hain. Pul aur rail ki patriyan bhi isi dhaat ki deen hain. Woh safar jo kabhi aasman se gire ek shahabiye ke tukde se shuru hua tha, aaj har gali aur har ghar tak pohanch chuka hai.

Makhaz

CNRS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique), "Bronze Age artifacts used meteoric iron", press release, 1 December 2017. https://cnrs.fr/en/node/2499 — Iron Age began in Anatolia and the Caucasus around 1200 BCE; Jambon's non-destructive XRF analyses of the Gerzeh beads (c. 3200 BCE), Alaca Hoyuk dagger (c. 2500 BCE), Ugarit axe, Tutankhamun's dagger, bracelet and headrest; all meteoritic; nickel and cobalt as markers; smelting (reduction) as the breakthrough of the Iron Age; terrestrial ores far more abundant. Cites A. Jambon, "Bronze Age Iron: Meteoritic or not? A Chemical Strategy", Journal of Archaeological Science, December 2017, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008.
Tom Metcalfe, "King Tut's Dagger Is Out of This World", Scientific American (with Space.com), December 2017. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/king-tut-rsquo-s-dagger-is-out-of-this-world/ — Tutankhamun's dagger with nearly 11% nickel per a 2016 XRF study; terrestrial smelted iron under 1% nickel or cobalt; Jambon's conclusion on Bronze Age iron.
N. Kucukarslan, T. Ota, K. Kobayashi, E. Nakamura, S. Omura, "Early Efforts to Smelt Iron in Central Anatolia: Analysis of Iron Artefacts from the Bronze Age in Kaman-Kalehoyuk", Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis, Springer, 2023 (open access). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13632-023-00935-5 — Early and Middle Bronze Age iron artefacts of iron and/or steel; Fe–Ni–Co of an EBA artefact consistent with terrestrial sources; three stages of iron production; steel up to 2 wt.% carbon; Hittites skilled in ironmaking c. 1700–1200 BCE, iron scarce and used for offerings and royal gifts; iron precious in the Assyrian Colony Period c. 2000–1700 BCE.
Joshua J. Mark, "Bronze Age Collapse", World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/Bronze_Age_Collapse/ — collapse of Mediterranean civilizations; iron replaced bronze; Bronze Age c. 3300–1200 BCE, Iron Age c. 1200–550 BCE.
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, Oxford University Press / American Institute of Pakistan Studies, Karachi, 1998 (ch. 9). https://archive.org/details/ancientcitiesofi0000keno — iron production in the northern subcontinent around 1200 BC; earliest ironworks in the northern Aravalli hills; possibly invented by copper workers descended from Indus artisans; iron tools and weapons common in the Early Historic period.
"Iron Age", Wikipedia (pointer). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age — regional variation in the start of the Iron Age.

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