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Mechanical gharri: latakte wazan se chalta waqt

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Dhoop gharri badal mein kaam nahin karti aur raat ko bilkul nahin. Pani ki gharri ko baar baar bharna aur sambhalna parta hai. Sadiyon tak insan waqt napne ke liye inhi par guzara karta raha. Phir taqriban 1300 eisvi ke aas paas Europe mein ek aisi machine bani jo sirf ek latakte hue wazan ke sahare din raat chalti thi. Yeh mechanical gharri thi, aur aaj ki har deewar gharri aur kalai ki gharri isi ki aulad hai.

Masla kya tha

Wazan ko rassi se bandh kar ek dhol par lapet dein to wazan neeche girte hue dhol ko ghuma dega. Magar woh ek do lamhe mein neeche pahunch jayega. Asal mushkil yeh thi ke is girte hue wazan ki taqat ko kaise roka jaye ke woh thora thora, barabar waqfon se kharch ho.

Britain ki University of Bristol ke mansube "England mein gharriyan aur gharri ka waqt" ke mutabiq mechanical gharri qurun-e-wusta ke us alarm se nikli jis mein aahista aahista neeche aata hua wazan ek ghanti baja deta tha. Karigar chahte the ke wazan se chalne wala aisa aala bane jo din aur raat ke pooray chakkar ke sath qadam mila kar chale. Bristol ke mutabiq 1271 mein Robertus Anglicus (Robertus Anglicus) nami ek musannif ne likha tha ke banane wale abhi is mein kamyab nahin hue.

Verge aur foliot

Is masle ka hal ek purza tha jise angrezi mein escapement (escapement) kehte hain, yani woh purza jo taqat ko qadam qadam par "nikalne" deta hai. Pehli mechanical gharriyon mein yeh kaam verge and foliot (verge and foliot) nami nizam karta tha.

Bristol ke mutabiq wazan ek rassi se latka hota tha jo ek dhol par lipti hoti thi. Dhol se garariyon ke zariye taqat ek taj numa pahiye (crown wheel) tak jati thi. Is pahiye ke samne ek khari salakh, yani verge, thi jis par do chhote panje lage the. Taj numa pahiya ek panje ko dhakelta to verge ek taraf ghoom jati aur doosra panja pahiye ko rok leta; phir yahi amal ulti simt mein hota. Yoon pahiya ek ek dandana kar ke aage barhta.

Verge ke upar ek ufqi danda, yani foliot, laga hota tha jis ke donon siron par chhote wazan hote the. America ki Linda Hall Library ke mauarrikh-e-science William Ashworth (William B. Ashworth) ke mutabiq foliot ke aage peechhe jhoolne ki raftar in wazanon par munhasir thi. Bristol ke mutabiq in wazanon ko dande par andar bahar sarka kar gharri ko tez ya aahista kiya ja sakta tha.

Yeh nizam kab bana? Is par hawale mukhtalif hain: Bristol ise terahvin sadi ke aakhir se jorta hai, jabke Ashworth ke mutabiq yeh chaudahvin sadi ke pehle nisf mein ijad hua. Ijad karne wale ka naam maloom nahin.

Pehle bhi koshish hui thi

Waqt ko machine se napne ki koshishein is se pehle bhi hui. China mein 1088 mein sarkari ohdedar aur taqwim ke mahir Su Song (Su Song) ne pani se chalne wala ek gharyal minar banaya, jis ke bare pahiye par pani ki 36 baltiyan lagi thin. Columbia University ke taleemi mansube "Asia for Educators" ke mutabiq yeh minar taqriban chalis feet ooncha tha. Is silsile ke ikatalisvein mazmoon mein Al-Jazari ki pani se chalne wali hathi gharri ka zikr bhi ho chuka hai. Europe ki mechanical gharri ki nayi baat yeh thi ke ise pani ki zarurat nahin thi.

Ghanta ghar ki gharriyan

Pehli mechanical gharriyan bahut bari aur bhari thin, aur unhein oonche minaron mein lagaya jata tha. Bristol ke mutabiq is ki ek wajah yeh thi ke wazanon ko neeche girne ke liye lambi jagah chahiye thi, aur doosri yeh ke ghanti ki awaz door tak sunai de. England mein solahvin sadi ki zyada tar aisi gharriyon ko din mein ek baar chabi di jati thi.

England ke shehr Salisbury (Salisbury) ki purani gharri is daur ki ek mashhoor misal hai. Ashworth ke mutabiq record batate hain ke wahan 1386 mein ek mechanical gharri lagayi gayi, aur zyada tar mahireen ke khayal mein aaj maujood gharri wahi hai, agarche is ke kuch purze badle ja chuke hain. Is ka banane wala namaloom hai. Is ka na koi dial hai na suiyan; yeh sirf ghantiyan baja kar waqt batati thi, aur is kaam ke liye is mein garariyon ka ek alag silsila tha. Jis minar mein yeh asal mein lagi thi woh ab maujood nahin.

Doosri misal Wells (Wells) ki gharri hai. London ke Science Museum ke record ke mutabiq yeh 1392 ki hai, lohe aur balut ki lakri se bani hai aur is ka wazan taqriban do hazar kilogram hai. Yeh bhi wazan se chalti thi aur shuru mein foliot se qabu mein rakhi jati thi, magar 1657 ke baad kisi waqt ise pendulum par muntaqil kar diya gaya. Is ka machini hissa aaj Science Museum mein numaish par hai.

Pendulum tak ka safar

Verge aur foliot wali gharri bahut durust nahin thi, is liye ise dhoop gharri se mila kar baar baar durust karna parta tha. Bristol ke mutabiq yeh nizam terahvin sadi ke aakhir se satrahvin sadi ke aakhir tak ghalib raha. Phir Christiaan Huygens (Christiaan Huygens) ne 1650 ki dahai ke aakhir mein pendulum ko gharri mein istemal karne ka kaam mukammal kiya, aur Bristol ke mutabiq chand hi barson mein ghanta gharon mein bhi pendulum wali gharriyan lagne lagin. Is ki kahani is silsile ke tirpanvein mazmoon mein aayegi.

Magar buniyadi khayal wahi raha jo taqriban saat sau saal pehle samne aaya tha: ek taqat jo gharri ko chalaye, aur ek purza jo is taqat ko barabar hisson mein bant de. Aaj jab hum kisi shehr ke ghanta ghar ki awaz sunte hain ya kalai ki gharri ki tik tik, to isi purane khayal ki goonj sun rahe hote hain.

Makhaz

University of Bristol, School of Geographical Sciences, "How early turret clocks worked", Clocks and Clock-time in England. https://clocks.ggy.bris.ac.uk/parish-clocks/worked/ — clock grew out of the medieval alarm with a slowly descending weight; aim of a weight-driven device matching the daily cycle; Robertus Anglicus (1271) says this had not yet been achieved; verge and foliot dominant from the late 13th to the late 17th century; weight on a rope round a barrel, gearing to the crown wheel, two pallets reversing the verge and foliot; rate adjusted by moving weights along the foliot; clocks high in towers for the weights' fall and audibility of bells; most 16th-century English church clocks wound once a day; Huygens completed the pendulum work in the late 1650s; first pendulum turret clocks within a very few years; sundials used to check clock-time.
William B. Ashworth, Jr., "Salisbury Cathedral Clock", Scientist of the Day, Linda Hall Library (6 July 2026). https://www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/salisbury-cathedral-clock/ — mechanical clock installed 1386, most experts believe the surviving clock is that one with some parts replaced; maker unknown; verge and foliot invented in the first half of the 14th century; foliot weights set the swing speed; hanging weights drive the gear train; separate train for striking bells; no face or hands; original tower demolished.
Science Museum Group Collection, "Wells Cathedral clock, 1392", object 1884-77 Pt1. https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co1347/wells-cathedral-clock-1392 — weight-driven clock dated 1392; originally regulated by a foliot, converted to pendulum regulation some time after 1657; cast iron, steel, oak; about 2,000 kg; on display in the Science Museum; names of the inventors and first builders of such clocks unknown.
"The water clock of 1088", Science and Society lecture illustrations (lecture 15), hosted by INCOIS. https://incois.gov.in/Tutor/science+society/lectures/illustrations/lecture15/clock.html — Su Song, official and calendar expert, built the clock in 1088; water drive with 36 tilting scoops on a large wheel; escapement of balanced levers.
Asia for Educators, Columbia University, "Song Dynasty China: Technology and Experimentation". https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/songdynasty-module/tech-experiment.html — Su Song (1020–1101) designed a clock tower almost 40 feet high, adding a chain-driven mechanism to a water-powered clock; it showed time, day of the month, phase of the moon and positions of stars and planets.

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