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Mitti ke bartan: Aag mein pakki pehli masnooi cheez

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Garmiyon mein ghade ka thanda pani, dehat ki handi mein pakka saag, aur gali mein bikte mitti ke piyale. Hamare liye yeh rozmarra ki cheezein hain, magar un ke peechhe insan ki ek bohat badi daryaft chhupi hai: yeh ke geeli mitti ko shakl de kar aag mein pakaya jaye to woh pathar ki tarah sakht ho jati hai aur phir kabhi wapas mitti nahin banti. Mitti ke bartanon ka ab tak ka qadeem tareen maloom saboot China ke ek ghaar se mila hai, jis ki umar taqriban 20 hazar saal hai.

Pehli masnooi cheez

World History Encyclopedia ke ek mazmoon ke mutabiq mitti ke bartan woh pehla masnooi madda hain jo insan ne banaya. Lakri, pathar aur haddi qudrat mein jaise milte hain waise hi istemal hote the, magar pakki hui mitti ek naya madda hai jo aag ki hararat se wujood mein aata hai. Chunke qabil-e-istemal mitti har jagah maujood hai, is liye yeh hunar duniya ke mukhtalif hisson mein mukhtalif zamanon mein alag alag ejad hua.

Bartanon se bhi pehle insan ne mitti se kuchh aur banaya tha. Isi mazmoon ke mutabiq taqriban 30 hazar saal pehle maujooda Czech Republic ke maqam Dolni Vestonice par aisi moortiyan banai gayin jin ki mitti mein mammoth ki kuchli hui haddi milai gayi thi.

Xianrendong se Jomon tak

China ke subah Jiangxi mein Xianrendong ghaar se mitti ke bartanon ke toote tukde mile. 2012 mein jaride Science mein Wu Xiaohong aur un ke sathiyon ne un ki tareekh shaya ki. Un ke mutabiq qadeem tareen tukde jin tahon mein the un ki umar 20 hazar se 19 hazar saal ke darmiyan hai, jo mashriqi Asia aur duniya ke dusre hisson ke maloom bartanon se do se teen hazar saal purani hai.

Sab se hairan kun baat yeh thi ke yeh bartan kisanon ne nahin banaye the. Muhaqqiqeen ke mutabiq unhein khanabadosh shikariyon aur khorak jama karne walon ne banaya, is daur mein jab aakhri barfani daur apne uruj par tha. Ghaliban yeh khana pakane ke kaam aate the. Yun bartan sazi khayti bari se kam az kam das hazar saal pehle shuru ho chuki thi.

China hi ke subah Hunan ke Yuchanyan ghaar se bhi bohat purane tukde mile hain. 2009 mein American jaride PNAS mein shaya hone wali ek tehqeeq ke mutabiq un ki umar 18 hazar 300 aur 15 hazar 430 saal ke darmiyan hai. Yeh bhi shikariyon ka ek padao tha.

Japan ki Jomon saqafat apne makhsoos bartanon ke liye mashhoor hai. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Japan mein Odai Yamamoto ke maqam se milne wale ek bartan ke tukdon ki umar taqriban 16 hazar 500 se 14 hazar 920 saal hai. America ke Smithsonian idare ke majmue mein Japan ke jazire Honshu ki jheel Anenuma se mila ek Jomon bartan shamil hai jo taqriban 12 hazar saal purana hai.

In bartanon mein kya pakaya jata tha? 2013 mein jaride Nature mein Oliver Craig aur sathiyon ne taqriban 15 hazar se 11 hazar 800 saal purane Jomon bartanon par jami jali hui tah ka kimiyai tajzia kiya. Zyada tar namoonon mein darya aur samandar ki aabi makhluqat ke ajza mile. Yani yeh ibtidai shikari machhli aur dusri aabi khorak paka rahe the.

Chulhe se bhatti tak

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq ibtidai bartan khuli aag mein pakaye jate the jahan darja-e-hararat taqriban 600 se 900 degree Celsius tak rehta. Taqriban 8000 qabl-e-maseeh mein mashriq-e-wusta mein anaj bhoonne aur roti pakane ke tanoor bane, jinhon ne band jagah mein zyada hararat paida karna mumkin banaya. Baad mein bhattiyon mein ek hazar se barah sau degree tak hararat hasil hone lagi, aur qadeem China mein terah sau se chaudah sau degree par woh bareek safed madda bana jise cheeni mitti ya porcelain kehte hain.

Mitti ke bartan mahireen-e-asar-e-qadeema ke liye bhi bari naimat hain. Yeh toot to jate hain magar un ke tukde hazaron saal baqi rehte hain, aur un ki shakl aur naqsh-o-nigar se kisi maqam ka zamana aur us ke tijarati rabte maloom kiye ja sakte hain.

Mehrgarh: Pakistan ke pehle bartan

Balochistan mein darya-e-Bolan ke qareeb Mehrgarh woh maqam hai jahan Pakistan ke qadeem tareen maloom mitti ke bartan mile hain. Yahan ke ibtidai daur, jise "Period I" kaha jata hai, ke log khayti bari to karte the magar bartan nahin banate the. Bartan is ke baad ke daur, "Period IIA", mein namoodar hote hain.

Un ki tareekh par mahireen mein ikhtilaf hai. Mehrgarh ki khudai karne wale French mahir Jean-Francois Jarrige ne yahan ki basti ka aghaz taqriban 8000 qabl-e-maseeh bataya tha aur in bartanon ko Iran aur Mesopotamia ke satwen hazare qabl-e-maseeh ke bartanon keham palla qarar diya tha. April 2025 mein jaride Scientific Reports mein Benjamin Mutin aur sathiyon ne 23 qabron se milne wale insani danton ki radiocarbon tareekhein shaya keen. Un ke mutabiq bartanon se pehle ka qabristan 5200 se 4900 qabl-e-maseeh ke darmiyan shuru hua, aur Pakistan mein bartan sazi taqriban 4650 qabl-e-maseeh se pehle shuru nahin hui. Yeh bahas abhi jari hai, magar dono suraton mein Mehrgarh Janubi Asia mein ibtidai bastiyon aur bartan sazi ki kahani ka ek ahm baab hai.

Aaj ka ghada

Aaj plastic aur steel ke daur mein bhi mitti ka ghada, konda aur tandoor hamare gharon aur bazaron se ghayab nahin hue. Chai ki piyali se le kar ghusl khane ki tiles tak, pakki hui mitti aaj bhi hamari zindagi ka hissa hai, aur is ka aghaz us din hua jab kisi ne pehli bar mitti ko aag mein rakha.

Makhaz

Wu Xiaohong et al., "Early pottery at 20,000 years ago in Xianrendong Cave, China", Science 336 (2012), doi:10.1126/science.1218643. Abstract read via Europe PMC (PMID 22745428): https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/article/MED/22745428?format=json — Jiangxi Province; contexts of earliest sherds 20,000–19,000 calendar years BP, 2,000–3,000 years older than other pottery; made by mobile foragers in the Late Glacial Maximum; possibly cooking; 10 millennia or more before agriculture.
Elisabetta Boaretto et al., "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (2009), doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106. Abstract read via Europe PMC (PMID 19487667): https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/article/MED/19487667?format=json — pottery 18,300–15,430 cal BP; foragers' camp.
Oliver E. Craig et al., "Earliest evidence for the use of pottery", Nature 496, 351–354 (2013). https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12109 — pottery first emerged in East Asia 20,000–12,000 cal BP as a hunter-gatherer innovation; lipids from Incipient Jomon pottery of about 15,000–11,800 cal BP, mostly from freshwater and marine organisms.
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Human Origins Program, "Oldest Pottery" (2025). https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/carrying-storing/oldest-pottery — some of the oldest East Asian pottery about 18,000 years old; Jomon pot from Lake Anenuma, Honshu, about 12,000 years old.
Cristian Violatti, "Pottery in Antiquity", World History Encyclopedia (2014). https://www.worldhistory.org/pottery/ — first synthetic material; independent invention in many places; Dolni Vestonice figurines with crushed mammoth bone, about 30,000 years ago; Odai Yamamoto, Japan, 16,500–14,920 years; open firing 600–900 °C; Near Eastern ovens about 8000 BCE; kilns 1,000–1,200 °C; Chinese porcelain 1,300–1,400 °C; pottery for dating sites and tracing trade.
Benjamin Mutin et al., "New radiocarbon dates of human tooth enamel reveal a late appearance of farming life in the Indus Valley", Scientific Reports 15 (2025). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92621-5 — Mehrgarh (Balochistan) aceramic Period I and Pottery Neolithic Period II; Bolan River; 23 burials; aceramic cemetery began 5200–4900 BCE versus earlier chronology from about 8000 BCE; Jarrige's comparison of Period IIA pottery with 7th-millennium BCE material; Period IIA the earliest known pottery from Pakistan, no earlier than about 4650 BCE.
"Mehrgarh", Wikipedia (accessed October 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh — pointer only: Neolithic site in Balochistan; Period I aceramic, Period II ceramic Neolithic.

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