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Pahiya: woh ijad jis ka aaj tak koi badal nahin

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Gadha gadi ho ya hawai jahaz, cycle ho ya ghari ki suiyan ghumane wale purze, har jagah pahiya maujood hai. Hamein yeh itna aam lagta hai ke sochte hi nahin ke kabhi duniya iske baghair bhi thi. Haqeeqat yeh hai ke insan ne khetibari, mitti ke bartan aur pakke ghar pahiye se hazaron baras pehle bana liye the. Pahiya nisbatan der se aaya, magar jab aaya to sab kuch badal gaya.

Pahiya asal mein hai kya?

Pahiya sirf ek gol tukra nahin. Iska kamal tab zahir hota hai jab ise ek dhure, yani darmiyan se guzarne wali chhar, ke saath joda jaye. Tab bhari bojh ko ghaseetne ke bajaye ludhkaya ja sakta hai aur kam taqat se zyada kaam hota hai. Is liye maahireen pahiye ki tareekh par baat karte hue dar asal pahiye aur dhure ke jor ki baat karte hain.

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq khayal kiya jata hai ke pahiya taqriban 3500 qabl masih mein pehle kumhar ke chaak ki shakl mein ijad hua, aur baad mein ise amad-o-raft ke liye istemal kiya jane laga. Kumhar ke chaak ne bartan banana tez aur sasta kar diya.

Mesopotamia aur Europe: do dawedar

Pahiye ki ijad ka sehra aksar Mesopotamia, yani aaj ke Iraq, ke Sumeri logon ko diya jata hai. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq 3000 qabl masih tak Sumeri log insanon aur saman ko lane le jane ke liye do aur chaar pahiyon wali gadiyan istemal kar rahe the. Muarrikh Stephen Bertman (Stephen Bertman) ke hawale se isi makhaz mein likha hai ke in gadiyon ke pahiye thos lakdi ke do aadhe gol tukron ko keelon se jor kar banaye jate the aur in par chamre ke tyre chadhaye jate the.

Magar dilchasp baat yeh hai ke ab tak milne wala sab se purana asal pahiya Mesopotamia se nahin balke wasti Europe se mila hai. Isi liye maahireen kehte hain ke pahiye ka tasawwur shayad Mesopotamia mein pehle paida hua, lekin qadeem tareen baqiyat Europe mein mehfooz rahin.

Ljubljana ki daldal ka pahiya

2002 mein Slovenia ke darulhukumat Ljubljana (Ljubljana) ke qareeb ek daldali ilaqe mein maahireen-e-asar ko lakdi ka ek takhta mila jo pehli nazar mein aam sa lagta tha. Ghaur se dekha to yeh ek pahiya nikla, aur saath hi iska dhura bhi mila. Slovenia ki sarkari website ke mutabiq radio carbon tareeqe se iski umr taqriban 5100 se 5350 baras ke darmiyan tay ki gayi. Yun yeh Switzerland aur junubi Germany ke un pahiyon se kam az kam ek sadi purana nikla jinhein is se pehle sab se qadeem samjha jata tha.

Yeh pahiya Ash (Ash) ki lakdi ke do takhton se bana hai jo ek hi darakht se kate gaye the, aur iska dhura baloot ki lakdi ka hai. Yeh daldal par khambon ke sahare bane gharon ki ek basti ke asar mein mila aur ghaliban do pahiyon wali ek haath gadi ka hissa tha. Aaj yeh Ljubljana ke shehri ajaib ghar mein rakha hai, jo ise dhure samet lakdi ka ab tak ka qadeem tareen maloom pahiya qarar deta hai.

Tasveer mein gadi

Asal pahiyon ke alawa tasveerein bhi gawahi deti hain. Junubi Poland ke maqam Bronocice (Bronocice) se mitti ka ek bartan mila hai jis par chaar pahiyon wali gadi jaisi shakl bani hui hai. Poland ke jaride "Archaeologia Polona" mein 2019 ke ek mazmoon ke mutabiq yeh bartan jis garhe se mila is ki tareekh taqriban 3400 qabl masih hai. Yeh is baat ka bil-wasita saboot hai ke is zamane mein wasti Europe mein gadiyan istemal ho rahi thin. Isi mazmoon mein maahir David Anthony (David Anthony) ki yeh raye naqal ki gayi hai ke yeh duniya mein pahiyon wali gadi ki qadeem tareen achhi tarah tareekh shuda tasveer hai, tahum mazmoon is naqsh ki mukhtalif tashreehat ka bhi zikr karta hai.

Thos pahiye se teeliyon tak

Ibtidai pahiye thos aur bhari the. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq pahiya taqriban 3100 qabl masih mein Eurasia ke maidanon tak pahuncha, aur taqriban 2000 qabl masih mein junubi koh-e-Ural ke mashriq mein ghodon se khinchne wala halka rath ijad hua, jahan se qadeem tareen rath mile hain. Teeliyon wale halke pahiyon ki badaulat halki aur tez raftar gadiyan banana mumkin hua.

Mehrgarh ka pahiya numa taweez

Balochistan mein Mehrgarh se tambe ka ek nanha taweez mila hai jis ki shakl teeliyon wale pahiye jaisi hai: ek halqa aur is par chhe teeliyan. 2016 mein "Nature Communications" mein shaya hone wale mutale ke mutabiq yeh taqriban chhe hazar baras purana hai aur 4500 se 3600 qabl masih ki tahon se mila. Yeh kisi gadi ka pahiya nahin balke ek zewar ya alamat hai, aur ise gum shuda mom ke tareeqe se dhala gaya tha. Phir bhi yeh dikhata hai ke gol halqe aur markaz se nikalti teeliyon ki shakl is khitte ke karigaron ke zehn mein bohat pehle maujood thi.

Aaj ki zindagi mein pahiya

Ljubljana ka shehri ajaib ghar apni numaish mein likhta hai ke hazaron baras ki zehanat bhi pahiye ka koi mutabadil paida nahin kar saki. Aaj hamari sarkon par daudti bussein, kheton mein chalte tractor, karkhanon ki machines, pan bijli gharon ki turbines aur kumhar ka wahi purana chaak sab isi ek khayal ki shaklein hain. Paanch hazar baras se zyada purani yeh sada si ijad aaj bhi har lamha hamare saath ghoom rahi hai.

Makhaz

Joshua J. Mark, "Mesopotamian Inventions", World History Encyclopedia, 2026 (revised). https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1859/mesopotamian-inventions/ — Wheel invented c. 3500 BCE first as potter's wheel, later for transport; oldest wheel found so far (Ljubljana Marshes Wheel) is from Central Europe though the concept is believed to have originated earlier in Mesopotamia; Sumerian two- and four-wheeled carts by c. 3000 BCE; Bertman on wheels of two nailed half-discs with leather tyres.
Tanja Glogovcan Belancic, "World's oldest wheel found in Slovenia", slovenia.si (Government Communication Office, Republic of Slovenia), 6 January 2020. https://slovenia.si/art-and-cultural-heritage/worlds-oldest-wheel-found-in-slovenia — Found 2002 near Ljubljana; radiocarbon age 5,100–5,350 years; at least a century older than Swiss and south German wheels; pile-dwelling settlement; ash and oak, two ash panels from the same tree; part of a two-wheeled pushcart.
City Museum of Ljubljana (MGML), "The Wheel – 5,200 Years" (exhibition page). https://mgml.si/en/city-museum/exhibitions/211/the-wheel-5200-years/ — Oldest wooden wheel with an axle, discovered in the Ljubljana Marshes, displayed at the museum; nothing has replaced the wheel.
"Bronocice Funnel Beaker Vessel with Wagon Motif: Different Narratives", Archaeologia Polona 57, 2019. https://doi.org/10.23858/apa57.2019.016 (open-access PDF: http://rcin.org.pl/Content/98587/WA308_120427_P357_Bronocice-Funnel_I.pdf) — Vessel with wagon motif from a late Funnel Beaker pit dated to 3405 BC; four-wheeled vehicle with shaft; indirect evidence of wagons in Neolithic central Europe; quotes Anthony (2007) calling it the oldest well-dated image of a wheeled vehicle, and discusses other interpretations.
Rodrigo Quijada Plubins, "Chariot", World History Encyclopedia, 2013. https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot/ — Wheel reached the steppe c. 3100 BCE; chariot invented by c. 2000 BCE east of the southern Urals, where the oldest chariots have been found.
M. Thoury et al., "High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object", Nature Communications 7: 13356, 2016. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13356 — Wheel-shaped copper amulet from Mehrgarh, six spokes on a ring, c. 6,000 years old (4,500–3,600 BC), lost-wax cast.
"Wheel", Wikipedia (pointer only). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel — Overview; earliest spoked wheels from the Sintashta culture c. 2000 BCE.

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