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Mohenjo Daro ki naliyan, dunya ka qadeem shehri nikasi-e-aab

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Har saal monsoon mein jab hamare shehron ki sarkein pani mein doobti hain to nikasi-e-aab ka sawal phir se samne aa jata hai. Dilchasp baat yeh hai ke is sawal ka ek purana aur bohat socha samjha jawab hamari apni sarzameen par maujood hai. Sindh ke zila Larkana mein Mohenjo Daro ke khandraat mein sarhe char hazar saal purani pakki eentoon ki woh naliyan aaj bhi dekhi ja sakti hain jo gharon ka ganda pani galiyon se hota hua shehr se bahar le jati thin.

Ek mansooba band shehr

Mohenjo Daro wadi-e-Sindh ki tehzeeb ka sab se bara shehr mana jata hai. Mahir-e-asar Jonathan Mark Kenoyer (Jonathan Mark Kenoyer), jinhon ne Mohenjo Daro aur Harappa donon jagah khudai ki hai, is tehzeeb ke shehri dor ko taqriban 2600 se 1900 qabl masih ke darmiyan rakhte hain. Shehr ke raqbe ke andaze mukhtalif hain: Kenoyer 200 hectare se zyada batate hain, UNESCO ko pesh ki gayi 1979 ki jaiza report 240 hectare, aur BBC ki ek report 300 hectare se zyada. Mahir-e-asar Walter Fairservis (Walter Fairservis) ne makanon ki ganjani se andaza lagaya tha ke sirf nichle shehr mein 41 hazar ke lag bhag log rehte honge.

Is shehr ko 1920 ki dahai ke awail mein Archaeological Survey of India ke afsar R. D. Banerji (R. D. Banerji) ne pehchana. Woh buddh mat ke asaar ki talash mein the, magar unhein ek mansooba band shehr mila jis ki galiyan ek doosre ko seedhe zawiye par katti thin. UNESCO ke mushawarti idare ICOMOS (ICOMOS) ne apni jaiza report mein likha ke yeh imaratein ek nihayat socha samjha shehri naqshe par bani hain jis mein nikasi-e-aab aur safai ke wasee nizam shamil hain. 1980 mein Mohenjo Daro ko aalmi wirse ki fehrist mein shamil kiya gaya.

Kuanvein: har mohalle ka pani

Naliyon se pehle pani ki faraahmi ki baat. Kenoyer likhte hain ke Mohenjo Daro mein zyada tar gharon ya gharon ke har jhund mein kam az kam ek niji kuan tha, aur bari galiyon ke sath musafiron aur aam logon ke liye awami kuanvein bhi the. Mahir-e-asar Michael Jansen (Michael Jansen) ne khudai shuda hisson mein milne wale kuanvon ki bunyad par hisab lagaya ke poore shehr mein 700 se zyada kuanvein rahe honge. Is ke muqable mein Kenoyer ki kitab ke waqt tak Harappa ke khudai shuda hisson mein sirf aath kuanvein mile the. Kuanvon ke munh zameen se unche rakhe jate the aur sath ek chhoti nali bani hoti taake ganda pani wapas kuanvein mein na jaye.

Ghar se gali aur gali se shehr ke bahar

Nikasi ka nizam ghar ke andar se shuru hota tha. Kenoyer ke mutabiq zyada tar gharon mein nahane ki ek jagah thi jis ka farsh pakki eentoon ko mazbooti se jod kar banaya jata taake pani na rase. Deewar ke aar paar ek chhoti nali yeh pani bahar gali ki bari nali tak pahunchati thi. Doosri manzil se aane wala pani deewar ke andar bane parnalon se seedha gali ki nali ke upar girta. Kai jagah mitti ke pakke hue, ek taraf se patle pipe bhi istemal hue. Gharon mein nahane ki jagah se alag bait-ul-khala bhi bane the, aur is baat ka khaas khayal rakha jata tha ke un ka pani ghar ke baqi hisse mein na phaile.

Gharon ki chhoti naliyan mohallon ki darmiyani naliyon mein aur woh bari galiyon ke neeche bane bare nalon mein ja milti thin. Bare nalon ko eentoon ya tarashe hue pattharon se dhanpa jata tha. In ke sath waqfe waqfe se mustatil gadhe bane the jin mein thos kachra baith jata. Kenoyer likhte hain ke in gadhon ki baqaida safai zaroori thi, warna poora nizam band ho jata. Bari sarkon ke kinare kachre ke alag dabbe bhi mile hain. Jahan nalon ko imaraton ya sarkon ke neeche se guzarna hota wahan eentoon ki mehraab numa chhat banai jati, yahan tak ke nala shehr ki deewar ke neeche se nikal kar barish aur ganda pani bahar phenk deta.

Azeem hammam

Isi hunar ka sab se mashhoor namoona Mohenjo Daro ka "Azeem Hammam" hai. Yeh taqriban 12 meter lamba, 7 meter chaura aur zyada se zyada 2.4 meter gehra talab hai jis mein donon taraf se seedhiyan utarti hain. Is ka farsh aur deewarein eentoon se bani hain, aur pani rokne ke liye kinaron par qudrati tarkol (bitumen) ki moti teh lagai gayi thi. Farsh ek kone ki taraf dhalwan hai jahan se pani ek nali ke zariye mehraab dar bare nale mein jata tha. Kenoyer ke mutabiq zyada tar mahireen samajhte hain ke yeh talab khaas rasumat ke liye tha, magar is ka asal maqsad aaj bhi yaqeen se maloom nahin.

Safai ka sabaq

Mohenjo Daro ki naliyan sirf banane ka kamal nahin thin, unhein chalana bhi ek musalsal kaam tha. Kenoyer Harappa ki misal dete hain jahan kuch advaar mein naliyon ki safai na hui to shehr ke ek hisse ki naliyan poori tarah band ho gayin aur ganda pani galiyon mein behne laga. Pachas se sau baras baad shehr ke intezam ne purani naliyon ke upar nayi naliyan banayin. Yoon galiyon ki satah unchi hoti gayi aur purane darwaze mitti mein dab gaye.

Yeh hazaron baras purana sabaq aaj bhi taza hai: nali banana aadha kaam hai, ise saaf rakhna baqi aadha. 2022 ke tabah kun Sailab mein bhi Mohenjo Daro ko nuqsan pahuncha, agarche BBC ke mutabiq mahireen ke ibtidai khadshat se kam. In khandraat ko mehfooz rakhna sirf maazi ki hifazat nahin, yeh is baat ki yaad dahani bhi hai ke Sindh ki mitti par rehne walon ne saaf pani aur saaf galiyon ka khwab bohat pehle dekha aur ise eent eent jod kar sach kar dikhaya tha.

Makhaz

Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, Oxford University Press / American Institute of Pakistan Studies, Karachi, 1998 (ch. 3 "Indus Cities, Towns and Villages", pp. 49–63; ch. 1). Archive.org record: https://archive.org/details/ancientcitiesofi0000keno — Harappa Phase c. 2600–1900 BC; Mohenjo-daro over 200 ha; Fairservis's population estimate; private and public wells, Jansen's estimate of over 700 wells, 8 wells found at Harappa; bathing platforms, wall chutes, terracotta pipes, latrines; covered street drains, sump pits, garbage bins, corbelled drains; clogging and rebuilding of drains at Harappa; Great Bath dimensions, bitumen lining and drain; Banerji's excavations.
ICOMOS, "World Heritage List No. 138: Moenjodaro — Evaluation", 12 December 1979, UNESCO World Heritage Centre archive. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/138.pdf — 240 ha; streets intersecting at right angles; "important drainage and sanitary systems"; recommendation to inscribe.
UNESCO World Heritage Committee, Report of the Rapporteur on the Fourth Session (Paris, 1–5 September 1980), CC-80/CONF.016/10. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/1980/cc-80-conf016-10e.pdf — inscription of site 138, "Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro", in 1980.
Samantha Shea, "Pakistan's lost city of 40,000 people", BBC Travel, 15 November 2022. https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20221114-pakistans-lost-city-of-40000-people — covered drains throughout the city; 300-plus hectares; Banerji in 1922; damage from the 2022 floods smaller than feared.
Joshua J. Mark, "Indus Valley Civilization", World History Encyclopedia, 2020. https://www.worldhistory.org/Indus_Valley_Civilization/ — Mature Harappan period dates; Mohenjo-daro excavations from the 1920s; grid-planned streets and drainage.
Michael Jansen, "Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley Civilization: Water Supply and Water Use in One of the Largest Bronze Age Cities of the Third Millennium BC", Geo, June 2011, ICOMOS open archive record. https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/1541 — abstract only: hydraulic installations and drain networks of the DK-G area and the standard of water supply and effluent disposal.
"Mohenjo-daro", Wikipedia (pointer). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro — location in Larkana District, Sindh; dates and visits of R. D. Banerji.

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