Safha-e-Awwal› E-Magazine ›100 Bari Daryaftein aur Ijadat

Pathar ke auzaar: insan ki pehli ijad

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Aap ke bawarchi khane mein rakhi chhuri, darzi ki qainchi aur mistri ka hathora, sab ek hi khandan ke fard hain. Is khandan ka jadd-e-amjad ek mamooli sa pathar tha jise kisi ne doosre pathar par mar kar tez dhaar wala tukra nikala tha. Yeh waqia kab aur kahan hua? Science daanon ke paas is sawal ka ab tak ka qadeem tareen maloom jawab Kenya ki ek khushk pahari se mila hai, aur is ki umar taqriban 33 lakh saal hai.

Lomekwi ki daryaft

Jheel Turkana ke maghribi kinare par waqe Lomekwi 3 (Lomekwi 3) naami maqam par mahir-e-asar-e-qadeema Sonia Harmand (Sonia Harmand) aur un ki team ne khudai ki. 2015 mein science jareede Nature (Nature) mein shaya hone wali un ki tehqeeq ke mutabiq yahan pathar ke auzaar apni asal jagah par dafan mile, aur isi ilaqe aur isi zamane ke ibtidai insan numa jandaron ke fossil bhi maujood the. Tehqeeq ke mutabiq is maqam ki umar taqriban 33 lakh saal hai.

Team ne is qadeem sanat ko "Lomekwian" ka naam diya aur likha ke yeh is se pehle maloom qadeem tareen riwayat, yani Oldowan (Oldowan), se taqriban saat lakh saal purani hai. Banane wale ek bade pathar se tukray bhi utarte the aur isay kootne peetne ke liye bhi istemal karte the.

Is daryaft se pehle aam khayal yeh tha ke pathar ke pehle auzaar hamare apne jins "Homo" ke afraad ne banaye aur yeh ijad Mausam ki tabdeeli aur ghaas ke khule maidanon ke phailao se jur hui thi. Lomekwi ke mohaqqiqeen ke mutabiq yahan ka mahol nisbatan jangalati tha, aur auzaar Homo ke zahir hone se pehle ke hain. Is liye yeh daryaft purane nazariye par naya sawal khara karti hai.

Oldowan: hathora, pathar aur tez tukra

America ke Smithsonian idare ke insani irtiqa ke program ke mutabiq pathar ke auzaar banane ka amal kam az kam 26 lakh saal pehle shuru ho chuka tha. Isay "Oldowan" kaha jata hai, jo Tanzania ki mashhoor Olduvai ghati ke naam se nikla hai. Is sada kit mein teen cheezein shamil thin: hathore ke taur par istemal hone wala pathar, jis ki satah par zarbon ke nishan hote hain; woh bara pathar jis se tukray utare jate; aur khud woh tez dhaar tukray jo katne ke kaam aate.

Kenya hi mein Lokalalei (Lokalalei) ke maqam se taqriban 23 lakh saal purane aise auzaar mile, jinhein 1997 mein Helene Roche (Helene Roche) aur Mzalendo Kibunjia (Mzalendo Kibunjia) ki qiyadat mein ek team ne daryaft kiya. Smithsonian ke mutabiq ibtidai insan in auzaron se bees lakh saal se zyada arse tak katne, kootne aur peesne ka kaam lete rahe. Unhi ki madad se woh bade janwaron ka gosht aur haddiyon ka gooda bhi hasil kar sake.

Dasti kulhari: ek socha samjha naqsha

Agla bara qadam woh tha jise maahireen "Acheulean" (Acheulean) kehte hain. 2011 mein Nature mein shaya hone wali ek tehqeeq ke mutabiq maghribi Turkana hi ke Kokiselei 4 (Kokiselei 4) naami maqam par yeh auzaar taqriban 17 lakh 60 hazar saal pehle nazar aate hain, jo us waqt tak ka qadeem tareen maloom saboot tha. Isi maqam par purani Oldowan tarz ke auzaar bhi saath saath mile, jis se pata chalta hai ke donon tareeqe kuch arsa ek saath chalte rahe.

Acheulean ki pehchan "dasti kulhari" hai. Smithsonian ke mutabiq isay banane ke liye pehle ek bara tukra utara jata, phir us ke kinaron se chhote chhote tukray utar kar isay shakl di jati. Yani banane wale ke zehn mein pehle se ek naqsha hota tha. Yeh riwayat hairat angez had tak taweel rahi aur mukhtalif ilaqon mein taqriban chaar lakh se dhai lakh saal pehle tak khatam hui. Smithsonian ke majmoo mein junoobi Asia ke maqam Isampur (Isampur) ki ek dasti kulhari bhi shamil hai jis ki umar taqriban 11 lakh saal batai gayi hai.

Pothohar ka Riwat

Pakistan ka naam bhi is bahas mein aata hai. Rawalpindi ke qareeb darya-e-Soan ki wadi mein Riwat (Riwat) ke maqam par bartanwi asar-e-qadeema mission ne 1983 mein khudai ki. Maahireen Robin Dennell (Robin Dennell) aur un ke sathiyon ne 1988 mein jareede Antiquity (Antiquity) mein likha ke yahan milne wale quartzite pathar ke tukray taqriban bees lakh saal purane hain. Yeh dawa auzaaron ki kahani ko Africa se barre-saghir tak le aaya.

Yeh tareekh tab se maahireen mein zer-e-behas hai. Aitraaz yeh hai ke yeh tukray bilkul apni asal jagah par nahin mile, is liye un ki umar ka taeen mushkil hai. Isi wadi ke naam par qadeem pathar ki ek aur sanat ko "Soanian" kaha jata hai, jis ke asar Shawalik ke pahari silsile mein Pakistan, Bharat aur Nepal tak phaile hue hain.

Auzaar se zehn tak, aur aaj tak

Smithsonian ke mutabiq taqriban do lakh saal pehle nayi ijadat ki raftar tez ho gayi. Nokein banai jane lagin jinhein lakri ke danday par bandh kar naiza banaya jata, khaal mein soorakh karne ke liye sooe bane, aur khaal aur lakri chheelne ke liye khurachniyan. Baad ke daur mein haddi, hathi daant aur seeng bhi khaam maal ban gaye.

Pathar ke auzaar maazi ke sab se derpa gawah hain. Smithsonian ke baqaul yahi auzaar batate hain ke ibtidai insan kahan aur kab rehte the, kaise phaile, aur un ki haath ki maharat aur zehni salahiyat kis darje ki thi.

Pathar se steel ke chaaqu tak ka safar lakhon baras par phaila hua hai, magar bunyadi khayal wahi hai: ek sakht cheez se doosri cheez ko katna ya shakl dena. Is silsile ke agle mazameen mein aag, teer kamaan, Sui aur mitti ke bartan aayenge, aur in sab ke peechhe wahi salahiyat nazar aayegi jis ka pehla saboot Lomekwi mein mila.

Makhaz

Sonia Harmand et al., "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya", Nature 521, 310–315 (2015). https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14464 — 3.3 million years; in situ artefacts with hominin fossils; wooded environment; core reduction plus battering; name "Lomekwian", 700,000 years older than the Oldowan; earlier view linking first tools to Homo and savannah.
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Human Origins Program, "Stone Tools" (2024). https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/stone-tools — toolmaking by at least 2.6 million years ago; Acheulean handaxes by 1.76 million years; Middle Stone Age points, awls, scrapers by 200,000 years; Later Stone Age bone, ivory, antler; stone tools as evidence, difficulty of naming the maker.
Smithsonian Human Origins Program, "Early Stone Age Tools" (2024). https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/stone-tools/early-stone-age-tools — Oldowan kit (hammerstones, cores, flakes); how handaxes were made; Acheulean ending 400,000–250,000 years ago.
Smithsonian Human Origins Program, "Oldowan Tools from Lokalalei, Kenya" (2024). https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/stone-tools/early-stone-age-tools/oldowan-tools-lokalalei-kenya — about 2.3 million years old; found 1997 by a team led by Helene Roche and Mzalendo Kibunjia; used for over 2 million years, meat and marrow.
Smithsonian Human Origins Program, "Handaxe from India" (2024). https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/stone-tools/early-stone-age-tools/handaxe-india — Isampur, about 1.1 million years old.
Christopher J. Lepre et al., "An earlier origin for the Acheulian", Nature 477, 82–85 (2011). https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10372 — Kokiselei 4, West Turkana, 1.76 million years; Oldowan and Acheulean found together.
R. W. Dennell, H. Rendell and E. Hailwood, "Early tool-making in Asia: two-million-year-old artefacts in Pakistan", Antiquity 62 (234), 1988. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00073555 — the Riwat claim, taking early tool-making into the subcontinent.
"Riwat", Wikipedia (accessed October 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwat — pointer only: discovered 1983 by the British Archaeological Mission to Pakistan in the Soan valley; quartzite flakes and cores; age disputed because artefacts were not in original context.
"Soanian", Wikipedia (accessed October 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soanian — pointer only: Soanian named after the Soan valley; sites along the Siwaliks in Pakistan, India and Nepal.

100 Bari Daryaftein aur Ijadat: tamam tehreerein →