Khurdbeen: Nanhi duniya ki pehli khirki

Ek makhi ka par, pyaz ki bareek jhilli ya pani ka ek qatra: aankh se dekhein to in mein kuch khaas nazar nahin aata. Magar khurdbeen ke neeche yahi cheezein ek poori duniya ban jati hain, jis mein bareek khane, ragein aur harkat karte nanhe jandar hain. Yeh duniya hamesha se maujood thi, magar ise dekhne ki khirki solhween sadi ke aakhir mein Netherlands ki ainak saz dukanon mein khuli.

Adson ka shehar

Is silsile ki qist 43 mein hum ne dekha tha ke parhne ki ainak terhween sadi ke aakhir mein Italy mein bani, aur is ke baad sheesha ghis kar adse banana ek baqaida hunar ban gaya. Agli qist mein hum dekhein ge ke doorbeen ki pehli darkhwast Netherlands ke shehar Middelburg (Middelburg) ke ek ainak saz ne di. Khurdbeen ki kahani bhi isi shehar se juri hai.

American Physical Society ke jaride APS News mein is ke sabiq mudir Alan Chodos (Alan Chodos) likhte hain ke murakkab khurdbeen ka sehra aam tor par Middelburg ke ek ainak saz Hans Janssen (Hans Janssen) ke bete Zacharias Janssen (Zacharias Janssen) ke sar bandha jata hai. Chunke Zacharias 1590 ki dehai mein abhi nauumr the, is liye muarrikhin ka khayal hai ke un ke walid ka kirdar bhi aham raha hoga.

Is ijad ki tareekh ka andaza ek khat se lagaya jata hai. APS News ke mutabiq Janssen khandan ke purane dost, Dutch safarkar William Boreel (William Boreel) ne 1650 ki dehai mein khurdbeen ki ibtida ke bare mein likha, aur isi bunyad par muarrikhin ise 1590 ki dehai ke awail ki ijad mante hain.

Mujid ke bare mein yaqeen se kuch nahin kaha ja sakta: baaz muarrikhin Janssen khandan aur doorbeen wale Hans Lippershey (Hans Lippershey) donon ko ek hi zamane mein alag alag is ka mujid mante hain.

Nalki, do adse aur teen se nau guna

Yeh pehli khurdbeenein kaisi thin? APS News ke mutabiq Janssen tarz ki khurdbeen pital ki ek tipai par khari nalki thi jis ke ek sire par maqar (andar ko daba hua) aur dusre sire par mohaddab (bahar ko ubhra hua) adsa laga tha. Adson ka yeh jora roshni ko mor kar cheez ko teen se nau guna tak bara dikhata tha.

Aaj ke hisab se yeh bohat mamooli barai hai, magar asal baat yeh thi ke ek adse ke bajaye do adse ek sath kaam kar rahe the. Isi liye ise "murakkab" khurdbeen kehte hain: ek adsa cheez ki bari tasveer banata hai aur dusra is tasveer ko mazeed bara kar ke aankh tak pohnchata hai. Aaj ki tajurba gahon ki khurdbeenein bhi isi bunyadi usool par chalti hain.

APS News likhta hai ke Janssen ki koi ibtidai khurdbeen baqi nahin bachi. Albatta Middelburg ke ek ajaib ghar mein 1595 ki tareekh wali ek khurdbeen maujood hai jis par Janssen ka naam hai. Is mein teen nalkiyan hain jo ek dusre mein sarakti hain, yeh haath mein pakri jati hai, aur poori khainch di jaye to das guna tak bara dikhati hai.

Galileo ki "chhoti ainak"

Doorbeen banane wale Italvi scientist Galileo Galilei (Galileo Galilei) ne bhi jald hi mehsoos kar liya ke adson ke yahi jore qareeb ki cheezon ko bhi bara dikha sakte hain. Florence ke Museo Galileo (Museo Galileo) ke mutabiq Galileo ne 1623 mein shaya hone wali apni kitab "Il Saggiatore" (Il Saggiatore) mein ek aisi doorbeen ka zikr kiya jise badal kar bohat qareeb ki cheezein dekhne ke qabil banaya gaya tha. Un ki ibtidai khurdbeenon mein bhi ek maqar aur ek mohaddab adsa ek sakht nalki mein laga hota tha.

Is aale ka koi ek naam nahin tha. Italvi mein ise "occhialino" (occhialino), yani "chhoti ainak", aur kuch dusre naam diye jate the. Museo Galileo ke mutabiq 1625 mein Rome ki ek ilmi majlis ke rukn, tabeeb aur mahir-e-nabatat Johannes Faber (Johannes Faber) ne ise "microscope" ka naam diya. Yeh lafz Yunani ke do hisson se bana hai: "micro" yani chhota, aur "scope" yani dekhna. Urdu mein isi ko "khurdbeen" kehte hain: "khurd" yani chhota, aur "been" yani dekhne wala.

Behtar adse, gehri nazar

Ibtidai khurdbeenein bohat kam bara dikhati thin, is liye agli sadi mein scientists aur hunarmandon ne unhein behtar banane par kaam kiya. APS News ke mutabiq Angrez scientist Robert Hooke (Robert Hooke) in awleen logon mein the jinhon ne is ke design mein numayan behtari ki; un ki khurdbeenein London ke aala saz Christopher Cock (Christopher Cock) ne banayin, magar un ke adson ki khamiyan tasveer ko dhundla deti thin.

Dilchasp baat yeh hai ke sab se tez nazar ek sade aale ne di. APS News ke mutabiq Delft ke Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek) ne sirf ek chhote se adse ki madad se cheezon ko 270 guna tak bara kar ke dekha. Hooke aur Leeuwenhoek ki daryaftein, yani khaliya aur khurd namiye, is silsile ki aane wali qiston ka mauzu hain.

Chhoti nalki, bara asar

Middelburg ki dukan se nikli teen se nau guna wali nalki ne hayatiyat, kimiya aur tabiyyat ka rukh badal diya. APS News ke mutabiq beeswin sadi mein aisi khurdbeenein aayin jin mein barai badalne par bhi tasveer saaf rehti hai, aur baad mein roshni dene wale rangon aur digital tasveeron ne ise aur taqatwar bana diya. Aaj Quetta ke kisi school ki tajurba gah mein jab koi talib-e-ilm pehli bar pyaz ki jhilli ko khurdbeen ke neeche dekhta hai, to woh isi khirki se jhank raha hota hai jo char sau saal se zyada pehle do adson ne kholi thi.