John Cabot: Shumali Amrika ka sahil

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 8 minute ka mutalia

May 1497 mein England ki bandargah Bristol (Bristol) se ek chhota sa jahaz nikla jis par bees ke qareeb aadmi sawar the. Is ka captain ek Italvi saudagar tha jo Venice ka shehri tha aur Angrezon mein John Cabot (John Cabot) kehlata tha; Italvi mein is ka naam Giovanni Caboto (Giovanni Caboto) tha. Taqreeban paanch hafte baad is jahaz ke mallahon ne Bahr-e-Atlas ke paar ek sahil dekha jo aaj Shumali Amrika ka hissa hai. Is safar ka koi roznamcha nahin bacha, magar is zamane ke chand khaton ne is ki kahani mehfooz kar di.

Venice se Bristol tak

Canadian Encyclopedia mein muhaqqiq Douglas Hunter (Douglas Hunter) likhte hain ke Cabot ki ibtidai zindagi ke bare mein bahut kam maloom hai. Woh ghaliban 1450 se pehle Italy mein paida hua aur 1476 mein ise Venice ki shehriyat mili. 1490 ki dahai ke shuru mein woh Spain mein bandargahon ke tameerati mansoobon se wabasta raha, aur 1496 mein England mein namudar hua.

5 March 1496 ko England ke badshah Henry VII (Henry VII) ne ise ek shahi ijazat nama (letters patent) diya. Is mein Cabot ke teen beton, Lewis, Sebastian aur Sancio, ke naam bhi darj hain. Unhein paanch jahazon ke sath mashriqi, maghribi aur shumali samundaron mein na-maloom jazeere aur mulk talash karne ki ijazat mili, magar kharch apni jeb se karna tha. Shart yeh thi ke wapsi sirf Bristol ki bandargah par hogi aur kharch nikal kar munafe ka paanchwan hissa badshah ko milega.

Hunter ke mutabiq Cabot ne 1496 mein hi Bristol se pehli koshish ki, magar tufani mausam ki wajah se nakam laut aya.

"Matthew" aur is ka amla

Doosri koshish May 1497 mein "Matthew" (Matthew) nami jahaz par hui. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage website ke mutabiq yeh pachas "tonnel" ka ek chhota jahaz tha, yaani is mein taqreeban pachas ton sharab ya doosra saman lada ja sakta tha. Is ke teen mastool the. Isi website ke mutabiq jahaz ka naam ghaliban Cabot ki biwi Mattea (Mattea) ke naam par rakha gaya.

Amle ki tadad par do bayan milte hain: ek khat mein bees aadmi likhe hain aur doosre mein atharah. Heritage website ke mutabiq jahaz par Cabot ke sath Genoa ka ek jarrah, Burgundy ka ek aadmi, Bristol ke do saudagar aur Bristol ke mallah the.

Samundar paar: John Day ka khat

Is safar ka sab se mufassal bayan ek khat hai jo Angrez saudagar John Day (John Day) ne 1497 aur 1498 ki sardiyon mein Spain ke ek "Lord Grand Admiral" ko likha. Yeh khat 1956 mein Spain ke Simancas (Simancas) ke sarkari dastawez khane mein mila. John Day likhta hai ke jahaz May ke akhir ke qareeb England se nikla aur taqreeban paintis din baad zameen nazar ayi. Heritage website ke mutabiq zameen ghaliban 24 June 1497 ko nazar ayi.

Khat ke mutabiq Cabot ne khushki par sirf ek jagah qadam rakha, is maqam ke qareeb jahan zameen pehli baar dikhayi di thi. Wahan aise unche darakht the jin se jahazon ke mastool bante hain, aur zameen ghaas se bhari thi. Mallahon ko andar jati ek pagdandi, aag jalne ki ek jagah, janwaron ka gobar aur aadhe gaz ki ek tarashi hui rangeen lakri mili, jis se unhon ne andaza lagaya ke yahan log rehte hain. Cabot kaman ke ek teer ki maar se aage andar nahin gaya, aur taza pani le kar jahaz par laut aya.

Phir jahaz sahil ke sath chalta raha. John Day likhta hai ke poore sahil par aisi machhliyan beshumar thin jinhein Iceland mein khuli hawa mein sukha kar England becha jata hai aur jinhein Angrezi mein "stock fish" kehte hain. Ek jagah mallahon ne kinare par do shaklein ek doosre ke peechhe dorti dekhin magar yeh na jaan sake ke woh insan the ya janwar. Taqreeban ek mahina sahil dekhne ke baad woh wapas mude aur pandrah din mein Europe ke sahil tak pahunch gaye. Mallahon ne Cabot ko yeh keh kar uljha diya ke woh bahut shimal ki taraf ja raha hai, is liye jahaz pehle France ke ilaqe Brittany (Brittany) ja laga. Heritage website ke mutabiq Cabot 6 August ko Bristol wapas pahuncha.

London mein dhoom

Venice ke ek tajir Lorenzo Pasqualigo (Lorenzo Pasqualigo) ne 23 August 1497 ko London se apne bhaiyon ko likha ke Bristol se ek chhote jahaz mein jane wala "hamara Venetian" laut aya hai aur kehta hai ke is ne saat sau farsang door ek bari zameen daryaft ki hai, jise woh "Grand Khan ka mulk" yaani Asia samajhta hai. Is ne teen sau farsang tak sahil dekha, kisi aadmi se mulaqat nahin hui, magar shikar pakadne ke phande aur jaal bunne ki ek Sui sath laya. Badshah ne agli bahar ke liye das jahazon ka wada kiya, aur log Cabot ko "Grand Admiral" kehne lage.

Milan ke safeer Raimondo di Soncino (Raimondo di Soncino) ne 18 December 1497 ko apne Duke ko likha ke Cabot atharah aadmiyon ke sath ek chhote jahaz mein gaya tha. Is ke sathi kehte the ke wahan ka samundar machhliyon se itna bhara hai ke unhein sirf jaal se nahin balke pathar bandh kar pani mein latkayi gayi tokriyon se bhi pakda ja sakta hai, aur itni machhli layi ja sakti hai ke England ko Iceland ki zaroorat na rahe. Soncino ke mutabiq Cabot ka agla irada isi sahil ke sath aage barh kar Japan tak pahunchne ka tha. John Day ke mutabiq badshah ne Cabot ke liye bees pound salana wazifa muqarrar kiya; Hunter ke mutabiq yeh December 1497 mein manzoor hua.

1498: aakhri safar

Hunter ke mutabiq February 1498 mein Cabot ko naya shahi ijazat nama mila aur May ke shuru mein ghaliban paanch jahazon ka bera Bristol se rawana hua. London ke ek qadeem waqai name ke mutabiq sath ke jahazon mein mota kapra aur topiyan jaisa saman-e-tijarat lada tha. Is bere ka anjam aaj bhi maloom nahin. Hunter likhte hain ke kam az kam ek jahaz zaroor wapas aya hoga, kyunke 1500 mein Hispani naqsha nawis Juan de la Cosa (Juan de la Cosa) ke naqshe par is sahil ke sath "Angrezon ka daryaft kardah samundar" likha hai. Cabot ka wazifa 1499 tak ada hota raha, magar woh khud kab aur kahan faut hua, yeh kisi ko maloom nahin.

Cabot kahan utra?

Cabot ke utarne ki jagah par muhaqqiqin ki raaye mukhtalif hain: Hunter ke khayal mein John Day ke diye gaye arz-e-balad janubi Labrador aur shumali Newfoundland ki taraf ishara karte hain, jabke Heritage website ke mutabiq baaz muhaqqiqin ka khayal hai ke samundari dharon aur qutb numa ke inhiraf ne ise kafi janub ki taraf dhakel diya hoga, aur isi liye Cape Breton (Cape Breton) jaise janubi maqamat bhi tajweez kiye gaye hain.

1997 mein is safar ki paanch sau salah yadgar ke liye Bristol mein "Matthew" ki hubahu naqal taiyar ki gayi. Yeh jahaz 2 May 1997 ko unnees afrad ke amle ke sath Bristol se rawana hua, aur Heritage website ke mutabiq chauwan din samundar mein guzar kar 24 June 1997 ko Newfoundland ke qasbe Bonavista (Bonavista) pahuncha.

Agli qist: Vasco da Gama: Europe se Hindustan ka bahri rasta.

Makhaz

James A. Williamson, The Cabot Voyages and Bristol Discovery under Henry VII, Hakluyt Society, Second Series no. 120, Cambridge University Press, 1962 (London chronicles of the 1498 voyage, pp. 220–23, as transcribed on the University of Bristol page "London Chronicles of John Cabot's voyage of 1498"). https://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/History/Maritime/Sources/1498chronicles.htm
University of Bristol, Department of History, "The Smugglers' City" source pages: First letters patent to John Cabot, 5 March 1496 (from H. P. Biggar, The Precursors of Jacques Cartier, Ottawa, 1911, pp. 8–10); Lorenzo Pasqualigo to his brothers, 23 August 1497 (Biggar, pp. 14–15); Raimondo de Soncino to the Duke of Milan, 18 December 1497 (Calendar of State Papers, Milan, vol. I, 1912, no. 552). https://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/History/Maritime/Sources/1496cabotpatent.htm ; https://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/History/Maritime/Sources/1497pasqualigo.htm ; https://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/History/Maritime/Sources/1497soncino.htm
John Day to the Lord Grand Admiral, winter 1497/8, English translation from L. A. Vigneras, "The Cape Breton landfall: 1494 or 1497. Note on a letter from John Day", Canadian Historical Review 38 (1957), pp. 219–28; University of Bristol source page. https://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/History/Maritime/Sources/1497johnday.htm
Douglas Hunter, "John Cabot", The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2008, last edited 2017 (early life, letters patent, the three voyages, pension, landfall reading). https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-cabot
Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site, "John Cabot's Voyage of 1497" and "The Matthew" (ship, crew, dates, landfall debate, 1997 replica). https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/exploration/cabot-1497.php ; https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/exploration/matthew.php
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, news release "Follow the Matthew on the World-Wide Web", 9 May 1997 (replica's departure on 2 May 1997 with a crew of 19). https://www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/1997/tcr/0509n06.htm

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