Marco Polo: Venice ka sauda gar, Pamir ki chhat aur Kech Makuran

Saat sau baras pehle Venice ka ek naujawan sauda gar chaubees saal baad ghar lauta to us ki kahaniyan bahut son ko naqabil-e-yaqeen lagin. Us ne kaghaz ke noton, gharon mein jalaye jane wale koyle aur Mongol shahenshah Kublai Khan ke shandar mahallon ka zikr kiya. Yahi naujawan Marco Polo (Marco Polo) tha, aur us ki kitab mein ek bab hamare apne ilaqe par bhi hai, jise woh "Kesmacoran" likhta hai, yani Kech Makuran.

Venice se Hormuz tak

British mustashriq Sir Henry Yule (Henry Yule) ne unneesvin sadi mein Marco Polo ki kitab ka tarjuma kiya aur French alim Henri Cordier (Henri Cordier) ne 1903 mein us par nazar-e-sani ki. Yule ke mutabiq Marco 1254 mein Venice mein paida hua. History.com ke mutabiq us ke walid Niccolo (Niccolo) aur chacha Maffeo (Maffeo) pehle hi ek tijarati safar mein Kublai Khan (Kublai Khan) ke darbar tak pahunch chuke the, aur Khan ne unhein Pope ke paas ek paigham de kar wapas bheja tha.

Yule likhte hain ke teenon Venice wale taqriban November 1271 mein Acre (Acre) se mashriq ki taraf rawana hue. Yule ke andaze mein Polo khandan ka irada khaleej-e-Fars ke dahane par waqe Hormuz (Hormuz) se samandari rasta ikhtiyar karne ka tha, magar kisi rukawat ke baais woh wahan se shumal ki taraf mur gaye.

Marco ne Hormuz ko badi tijarat ka shehar likha jahan Hindustan se masale, qeemti patthar, moti, reshmi kapde aur hathi dant aate the. Magar wahan ke jahaz use khaufnak lage: un mein lohe ki keelein nahin thin, takhte nariyal ke chhilke ki rassi se sile hote the aur har jahaz ka ek hi mastool aur ek hi badban hota tha. Woh likhta hai ke aise jahaz mein safar "khatarnak kaam" hai.

Balkh aur Badakhshan

Hormuz se laut kar qafila Kirman aur Khurasan se hota hua Balkh (Balkh) pahuncha. Marco ke mutabiq Balkh pehle kahin bada shehar tha magar Tatariyon aur doosri qaumon ne use barbad kar diya tha; sang-e-marmar ke mahallon ke khandar ab bhi maujood the.

Us ke baad Badakhshan (Badakhshan) aaya, jis ka bayan kitab ke sab se dilchasp abwab mein se hai. Marco likhta hai ke yahan ke badshah khud ko Sikandar ki nasl se batate aur "Zulqarnain" kehlate the. Ek khas pahar se laal nikale jate the, aur badshah khudai par sakht pabandi rakhta tha takay un ki qeemat na gire. Ek aur pahar mein duniya ka behtareen lajward (azure) milta tha. Marco yeh bhi batata hai ke woh in ilaqon mein taqriban ek saal beemar raha, aur jab mashware par pahar ki bulandi par gaya to wahan ki saaf hawa se foran sehat yab ho gaya.

Pamir: "Duniya ki sab se unchi jagah"

Badakhshan se barah din darya ke sath upar chadh kar qafila Wakhan (Vokhan) pahuncha, aur phir teen din mazeed chadhai ke baad aisi bulandi par jise, Marco ke alfaz mein, "duniya ki sab se unchi jagah" kaha jata tha. Us maidan ko woh "Pamir" (Pamier) likhta hai. Barah din tak yahan na koi abadi milti thi na hariyali; sardi itni thi ke parinde bhi dikhai na dete aur aag poori tarah na jalti.

Marco ne yahan bahut badi jangli bheron ka zikr kiya jin ke seeng chhe balisht lambe the. Barf ke mausam mein in seengon ke dher raste ki nishani ka kaam dete the. Yule batate hain ke mahir-e-haiwanat Blyth (Blyth) ne isi bayan ki yaad mein is bheir ka scientific naam "Ovis poli" (Ovis poli) rakha.

Pamir ke aage Marco chalis din ke ek pahari ilaqe ka zikr karta hai jise woh "Bolor" (Bolor) kehta hai. Yule ki tehqeeq ke mutabiq yeh naam Pamir ke janub ki buland wadiyon ke liye istemal hota tha, jin mein Baltistan, Gilgit, Yasin aur Chitral shamil hain. Isi tarah Badakhshan se das din janub ke ek ilaqe "Pashai" ko Yule qadeem Udyana, yani Peshawar ke shumal mein darya-e-Swat ke ilaqe aur Chitral se jorte hain, agarche un ke khayal mein Marco khud wahan nahin gaya aur yeh maloomat suni sunai thin.

Kublai Khan ki khidmat aur samandari wapsi

Pamir se utar kar qafila Kashgar (Kashgar), Yarkand aur Khotan se guzra, sehra-e-Gobi paar kiya aur Yule ke hisab se taqriban May 1275 mein Kublai Khan ke garmai mahal Kai Ping Fu (Shang Du) pahuncha. Yule ke mutabiq Kublai ne naujawan Marco ko sarkari kamon par mukhtalif suboon mein bheja.

Wapsi ka mauqa ek shahi rishte ne diya. Iran ke Mongol hukmran Arghun Khan ki dulhan, shahzadi Kokachin (Kokachin) ko China se Iran pahunchana tha. Yule likhte hain ke Polo khandan 1292 ke aghaz mein Zaitun (maujooda Quanzhou) ki bandargah se rawana hua. Is safar mein do saal se zyada waqt laga. Jab woh Iran pahunche to Arghun fout ho chuka tha aur shahzadi ki shadi us ke bete Ghazan se hui. Wahan se Tabriz hote hue Polo khandan 1295 mein Venice pahuncha.

Kesmacoran: Kech Makuran ka zikr

Hindustan ke sahilon ka haal likhte hue Marco aakhir mein "Kesmacoran" (Kesmacoran) par pahunchta hai. Woh likhta hai ke yeh ek alag mamlikat hai jis ka apna badshah aur apni zaban hai. Yahan ke log tijarat pesha hain aur samandar aur khushki dono raston se har taraf karobar karte hain; un ki ghiza chawal, gandum, gosht aur doodh hai. Us ke baqaul maghrib aur shumal maghrib ki taraf jate hue yeh "Hindustan ki aakhri mamlikat" hai.

Yule ke hashiye ke mutabiq is mein koi shak nahin ke Kesmacoran se murad Makuran hai, jo poore mashriq mein "Kech Makuran" kehlata tha, yani mulk ke naam ke sath us ke bade shehar Kech ka naam jor kar. Yule yeh bhi batate hain ke Ibn Battuta aur Turk amir-ul-bahr Sidi Ali Reis ne bhi yahi naam istemal kiya, aur Sassi Punnun ki mashhoor dastan mein bhi "Kech Makuran" aata hai. Yun terahvin sadi ke ek European safarname mein aaj ke zilla Kech ka ilaqa ek tijarat pesha mamlikat ke taur par nazar aata hai.

Jail mein likhi gayi kitab aur us par bahas

Yule ke mutabiq 1298 mein Marco Genoa ki qaid mein tha, jahan us ki mulaqat Pisa ke ek qissa nigar Rustichello (Rustichello) se hui, aur isi ne Marco ki zabani yeh kitab likhi. Us ne January 1324 mein Venice mein apni wasiyat likhwai aur isi baras fout ho gaya.

Kitab ki sehat par bahas sadiyon se jari hai. History.com likhta hai ke Asianma’khazon mein Marco ka zikr nahin milta, aur chand shukook rakhne wale muhaqqiqeen kitab ki baaz ghaltiyon aur chopstick ya aurton ke paon bandhne ki rasm ka zikr na hone ki bina par sawal uthate hain. Doosri taraf aksar muhaqqiqeen kitab ki tafseelat ko tarikhi, asar-e-qadeema aur jughrafiyai shawahid se hum-ahang pate hain. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq kitab ke aghaz hi mein likha hai ke us mein aankhon dekhi baatein bhi hain aur doosron se suni hui bhi, aur us ke kai bayanat baad mein Chini ma’khazon se durust sabit hue.

Agli qist: Rabban Bar Sauma: Beijing se Paris tak.