Monsoon ka raaz aur “Periplus”: jab Rome ke jahaz Sindh ke dahane par langar daalte the

Har saal June July mein jab monsoon ki hawaein Bahira-e-Arab se uth kar Sindh aur Makuran ke sahil se takrati hain to hum barish ka intezar karte hain. Do hazar saal pehle yahi hawaein Misr ke behri tajiron ke liye sone se zyada qeemti thin, kyunke unhi ke sahare woh khule samundar ko paar kar ke Hindustan pahunchte the. Is tijarat ka sab se dilchasp record ek chhoti si Yunani kitab hai jis ka naam "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea" (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea) hai, yaani "Bahr-e-Erythraean ka sahili rahnuma". Is kitab mein darya-e-Sindh ke dahane par waqe ek bandargah Barbarikon (Barbarikon) ka bhi zikr hai, jahan Roomi daur ke jahaz langar daalte the.

Pas manzar: ek gumnam tajir ki kitab

"Periplus" Yunani mein aisi kitab ko kehte the jis mein sahil ke sath sath bandargahon, faslon aur samundari halaat ki tafseel ho. World History Encyclopedia mein James Hancock (James Hancock) likhte hain ke yeh kitab pehli sadi eesvi mein Misr ke ek Yunani bolne wale gumnam musannif ne likhi, jo khud is raste par safar kar chuka tha. Yeh dar asal daswin sadi eesvi ke ek hi qalmi nuskhe ki surat mein mahfooz rahi, jo aaj Germany ke shehar Heidelberg mein hai. Hancock ke mutabiq musannif ghaliban Bahira-e-Ahmar ki bandargah Berenice (Berenice) mein rehta tha aur koi bara aalim nahin tha; is ki kitab ki qadr is ki adabi khoobi mein nahin balke Bahr-e-Hind ki tijarat ke qabil-e-aitemad bayan mein hai.

Is ka mashhoor angrezi tarjuma Amriki muhaqqiq Wilfred Schoff (Wilfred H. Schoff) ne 1912 mein shaya kiya. Kitab ki tareekh par ikhtilaf hai: Hancock ek jagah 40 se 55 ka zamana batate hain aur yeh bhi likhte hain ke Schoff aur doosre muhaqqiqeen 60 ke qareeb ki tareekh ko zyada mumkin samajhte hain. Umumi taur par ise pehli sadi eesvi ke wast ki tehreer kaha ja sakta hai.

Rome aur mashriq ki yeh tijarat us waqt tez hui jab Hancock ke mutabiq shehenshah Augustus ne 30 BC mein Misr ko Roomi saltanat mein shamil kar liya. Yunani jughrafiya daan Strabo (Strabo) ke hawale se Hancock likhte hain ke is ke zamane mein ek sau bees jahaz har saal Misr se Hindustan jate the, jabke pehle bohat kam log yeh safar karte the.

Monsoon ka raaz: Hippalus

"Periplus" ke sattawanwein hisse mein ek aisi baat darj hai jise samundari tareekh ka ek mor kaha jata hai. Musannif likhta hai ke pehle yeh sara safar chhote jahazon mein khaleejon ke kinaron ke sath sath kiya jata tha. Phir Hippalus (Hippalus) naam ke ek mallah ne bandargahon ke mahal-e-wuqoo aur samundar ke halaat ka mushahida kar ke pehli baar yeh daryaft kiya ke samundar ko seedha kaise paar kiya jaye. Musannif ke mutabiq jis mausam mein "hamare haan" yaani Bahira-e-Room mein Etesian hawaein chalti hain, usi mausam mein Hindustan ke sahil par samundar se hawa aati hai, aur is junub maghribi hawa ko daryaft karne wale ke naam par "Hippalus" kaha jata hai.

Schoff likhte hain ke muhaqqiq Vincent ne Hippalus ki daryaft ko taqriban 47 ka waqia qarar diya. Roomi musannif Pliny (Pliny the Elder) bhi, jis ki kitab 77 ke aas paas mukammal hui, is hawa ko "Hippalus" ke naam se janta hai. Pliny ke mutabiq agar yeh hawa chal rahi ho to Arab ki bandargah Okelis se chalis din mein Hindustan ki pehli mandi Muziris (Muziris) pahuncha ja sakta tha, aur wapsi ka safar December ya January mein shuru hota tha taake tajir ek hi saal mein aa ja sakein. Pliny yeh shikayat bhi karta hai ke Hindustan har saal Roomi saltanat se bhari raqam khainch leta hai.

Barbarikon: Sindh ke dahane ki mandi

Hamare khitte ke qari ke liye kitab ka sab se aham hissa artisswan aur untaliswan hai. Musannif likhta hai ke samundar ki taraf se aane walon ko is mulk ke qareeb pahunchne ki nishani yeh milti hai ke gehre pani se saanp nikal kar samne aate hain. Yahan "Scythia" (Scythia) ka daldali sahil hai, jis se darya-e-"Sinthus" (Sinthus) yaani Sindh guzarta hai: Bahr-e-Erythraean mein girne wala sab se bara darya, jo itna pani lata hai ke samundar mein door tak pani meetha rehta hai. Is ke saat dahane hain, sab uthle aur daldali, siwaye beech wale ke, jis ke kinare Barbarikon ki mandi hai. Is ke samne ek chhota jazeera hai, aur peechhe andarun-e-mulk Scythia ka daar-ul-hukumat Minnagara (Minnagara) hai, jis par Parthi shehzade hukmran hain jo ek doosre ko musalsal nikalte rehte hain.

Musannif batata hai ke jahaz Barbarikon par langar andaz hote hain magar sara saman darya ke raste daar-ul-hukumat mein badshah ke pas le jaya jata hai. Yahan bahar se bareek kapra, naqsh daar katan, pukhraj, marjan, khushbudar gond, loban, shishe ke bartan, chandi aur sone ke bartan aur thori si sharab aati thi. Yahan se jane wale maal mein khushbudar jar "Kut", guggul, nard, feroza, lajward, "Serik" khalein (jinhein McCrindle Cheeni khalein ya samoor samajhte hain), sooti kapra, resham dhaga aur neel shamil the. Mallah July ke aas paas "Hindustani hawaon" ke sath yahan ka rukh karte the; yeh safar khatarnak tha magar in hawaon se seedha aur jaldi mukammal ho jata tha.

Barbarikon ki jagah aaj kisi ko maloom nahin. Schoff likhte hain ke Sindh ka delta sadiyon mein bohat barh gaya hai aur is bandargah ke aasar ghaliban kai gaz mitti ke neeche dabe hain.

Makuran ka sahil aur junubi Hindustan

Sindh pahunchne se pehle musannif Gedrosia ki khaleej ka zikr karta hai, jis ke beech se ek raas samundar mein nikli hui hai, aur wahan ek darya ke dahane par "Oraea" naam ki chhoti mandi hai. Is ke peechhe saat din ki masafat par ek shehar mein badshah ka darbar hai. Yeh ilaqa gandum, sharab, chawal aur khajoor paida karta hai, magar sahil par guggul ke siwa kuch nahin milta. Schoff is raas ko raas Ormara aur mandi ko darya-e-Porali ke dahane par Sonmiani ki khaleej qarar dete hain. Yahi woh sahil hai jis se char sadi pehle Nearchus ka bera guzra tha.

Hancock ke mutabiq Roomi tajir Barbarikon ke alawa junubi Hindustan ki bandargah Muziris aur Sri Lanka tak jate the. Muziris se sab se zyada kali mirch aati thi. Wapsi par saman Misr ki Bahira-e-Ahmar wali bandargahon se unton ke qafilon par sehra paar kar ke darya-e-Neel tak, aur wahan se Alexandria pahunchta tha.

Ahmiyat

"Periplus" hamein batati hai ke do hazar saal pehle Bahira-e-Arab ek zinda tijarati samundar tha, aur Sindh ka delta is tijarat ka ek aham darwaza tha jahan Rome ki sheesha gari aur sharab mashriq ke neel aur resham se milti thi. Jis monsoon ko aaj hum barish ke mausam ke taur par jante hain, usi ki baqaidagi ko samajh lene se qadeem duniya ka ek bara behri tijarati rasta khula.