Leif Erikson aur “Vinland”: Columbus se paanch sau baras pehle America ka sahil

Hum school mein parhte hain ke America 1492 mein Columbus ne "daryaft" kiya. Magar Canada ke jazeere Newfoundland ke shimali sirey par ghaas se dhake chand teelay ek aur kahani sunate hain. Wahan se mili lakri ke teen tukron ne 2021 mein science danon ko bataya ke European mallah theek 1021 mein is sahil par darakht kaat rahe the. Yeh log shimali Europe ke Viking (Vikings) the, aur un ki kahaniyon ka hero Erik Surkh naami sardar ka beta tha: Leif Erikson (Leif Erikson).

Aik bechain khandan

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Leif ghalibन 970 aur 980 ke darmiyan Iceland mein paida hua. Us ke walid Erik the Red (Erik the Red) ko qatl ke muqadmat ke baad Iceland se jala watan kiya gaya to woh maghrib ki taraf samandar mein nikla aur Greenland ja pahuncha. Taqriban 985 mein us ne wahan Norse (Norse) logon ki pehli basti basai aur apna farm "Brattahlid" (Brattahlid) qaim kiya. Leif isi nayi aur sakht sarzameen mein bara hua jahan chand sau abadkar maweshi pal kar guzara karte the.

Us ki zindagi ke bare mein jo kuch hum jante hain woh zyada tar do Iceland dastanon se aata hai: "Greenland walon ki dastan" (Saga of the Greenlanders) aur "Erik Surkh ki dastan" (Erik the Red's Saga). Inhein mil kar "Vinland ki dastanein" kaha jata hai. Yeh terahvin sadi mein, yani waqiat ke do sau baras se zyada baad likhi gayin aur aini shahidon ka bayan nahin. Phir bhi muarrikh mante hain ke zabani riwayat ke zariye in mein haqiqi logon aur waqiat ki yaad mehfooz rahi.

Dastan ka safar: pathar, jungle aur angoor

Greenland walon ki dastan ke mutabiq aik mallah Bjarni Herjolfsson (Bjarni Herjolfsson) toofan mein rasta bhatak kar aik anjani zameen ke paas se guzra tha magar sahil par nahin utra. Leif ne us se jahaz khareeda aur paintees admiyon ka amla jama kiya. Dastan kehti hai ke boorha Erik bhi saath jane ko nikla magar raste mein ghore se gir kar ghar laut gaya.

Leif ka jahaz pehle aik aise sahil par pahuncha jahan ghaas na thi, andar barf ke pahar the aur samandar se paharon tak chapti chatanein. Leif ne ise "Helluland" (Helluland) yani "pathreeli silon ki zameen" ka naam diya. Doosri zameen hamwar aur jungalon se dhaki thi, sahil par safed ret ke maidan; is ka naam "Markland" (Markland) yani "jungle ki zameen" rakha gaya. Muarrikhon ka andaza hai ke pehli jagah shimali Labrador ya Baffin jazeera aur doosri wasti Labrador thi.

Akhir woh aik sarsabz ilaqe mein utre. Dastan ke mutabiq wahan darya aur jheel mein itni bari salmon machli thi jo unhon ne pehle kabhi na dekhi thi, aur din raat ki lambai Greenland aur Iceland ki nisbat zyada barabar thi. Unhon ne aik bara ghar bana kar sardiyan wahin guzarin. Aik sham Leif ka bachpan ka atalieq Tyrker (Tyrker), jo amle mein shamil tha, gum ho gaya. Lauta to khushi se behaal tha: us ne angoor ki bailein dhoond li thin. Leif ne bahar mein jahaz ko lakri aur angooron se bhara aur isi nisbat se is zameen ka naam "Vinland" (Vinland) yani "angooron ki zameen" rakha. Wapsi par us ne samandar mein aik chatan par phanse logon ko bachaya, aur dastanon ke mutabiq isi wajah se "khush qismat Leif" kehlaya.

Erik Surkh ki dastan mein Bjarni ka zikr nahin; is mein khud Leif Norway se lautte hue rasta bhatak kar is nayi zameen tak pahunchta hai jahan khudro gandum, angoor aur maple ke darakht the.

Newfoundland ke teelay

Sadiyon tak yeh kahaniyan mehaz kahaniyan samjhi gayin. Phir 1960 mein Norway ke sayyah Helge Ingstad (Helge Ingstad) ko L'Anse aux Meadows (L'Anse aux Meadows) naami mahigiron ki basti ke qareeb aik maqami bashinde George Decker (George Decker) ne ghaas se dhake teelay dikhaye. Un ki ahliya, mahir-e-asar Anne Stine Ingstad (Anne Stine Ingstad) ne 1961 se 1968 tak wahan khudai ki.

Khudai mein ghaas aur mitti ki deewaron wali aath imaratein milin: kai kamron wale bare hall aur un ke saath chhoti jhonprian. Aik imarat mein lohar ki bhatti thi, doosri mein barhai ka karkhana, aur kashtiyon ki marammat ki jagah bhi thi. Pathar ka aik takla (spindle whorl) batata hai ke chand aurtein bhi saath thin. Sab se dilchasp cheez "butternut" (butternut) naami akhrot ke chhilke the, jo is ilaqe mein nahin ugte balke kahin junoob mein khaleej St Lawrence ke aas paas milte hain. Goya yahan rehne wale mazeed junoob tak bhi gaye.

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is basti mein sattar se nawway afrad reh sakte the aur yeh ghalibन das baras se kam abad rahi. Yeh aik adda tha jahan amle sardiyan guzarte aur garmiyon mein lakri, khalein aur angoor jama karne nikalte. Greenland se teen hazar kilometre se zyada ki doori, kam abadi aur maqami bashindon se kashmakash ne aakhirkar yeh muhim tark karwa di. Canada ne is jagah ko qaumi tarikhi maqam qarar diya aur 1978 mein UNESCO ne ise alami wirasa ki fehrist mein shamil kiya.

1021: darakhton ke chhallon ki gawahi

Magar yeh basti theek kis saal abad thi? Purane radio carbon test poore Viking daur par phaile hue nataij dete the. 2021 mein Holland ki Groningen University ki mahir Margot Kuitems (Margot Kuitems) aur un ke sathiyon ne scientific jaridey "Nature" (Nature) mein aik naya tareeqa pesh kiya.

993 mein khala se aane wali shuaon ke aik toofan ne faza mein radio carbon ki miqdar achanak barha di thi, aur is saal ka nishan dunya bhar ke darakhton ke salana chhallon mein mehfooz hai. Muhaqqiqin ne L'Anse aux Meadows se mili lakri ke teen tukron mein yeh nishan wala challa talash kiya, phir chhaal tak chhalle gine. Yeh tukre teen mukhtalif darakhton ke the aur un par dhaat ke auzar se kataai ke saaf nishan the, jabke is daur ke maqami bashinde aise auzar nahin banate the. Teenon darakht aik hi saal, 1021 mein kaate gaye the. Maqale ke mutabiq yeh tareekh America se Europeon ki waqfiyat ka aik pakka nishan hai, aur woh pehla maloom lamha hai jab insanon ne zameen ka poora daira mukammal kar liya.

Khush qismat Leif ki mirath

Leif Erikson ne Vinland ke baad baap ki jagah Greenland ki sardari sambhali. Tehreeri record mein woh aakhri baar 1019 mein zinda milta hai aur 1025 tak us ka beta Thorkell sardar ban chuka tha, is liye andaza hai ke us ka intiqal in barson ke darmiyan hua. Muarrikhon ki raye hai ke L'Anse aux Meadows ki imaratein aik bare sardar ki mojoodgi batati hain, is liye Leif kam az kam aik muhim ka haqiqi qaid hone ka accha umeedwar hai.

Dastanein, khudai aur scientific tajurbagah, teenon ne mil kar aik hazar baras purana sach samne rakha; aur jis sahil ko Viking "nayi zameen" samajh rahe the, wahan un se sadiyon pehle insan abad the.