Magellan aur Elcano: Duniya ka pehla chakkar

September 1519 mein Spain ki ek bandargah se paanch purane jahaz maghrib ki taraf rawana hue. Teen baras baad un mein se sirf ek, "Victoria", langdata hua mashriq ki taraf se wapas aaya, aur is par sirf atharah thake mande European sawar the. Yeh insani tareekh mein zameen ke gird pehla mukammal bahri chakkar tha. Is muhim ka salaar Ferdinand Magellan (Ferdinand Magellan) raste mein mara gaya, aur ise mukammal karne wala ek Basque mallah Juan Sebastian Elcano (Juan Sebastian Elcano) tha.

Ek Portugali, Hispanavi parcham tale

Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq Magellan 1480 mein Portugal mein paida hua aur 1505 se 1513 tak Portugal ki taraf se Hindustan aur Malacca ke paaniyon mein raha. Portugal ke badshah ne is ki darkhwastein radd kar dein aur kaha ke woh kahin aur khidmat kar le, to woh 20 October 1517 ko Spain ke shehar Seville (Seville) pahuncha. Is ka mansooba yeh tha ke maghrib ki taraf ja kar Janubi America ke beech se koi abnaye dhoondey aur is raste masalon ke jazair, yaani Moluccas (Moluccas), tak pahunchey. 22 March 1518 ko Hispanavi badshah Charles awwal ne is mansoobe ki manzoori de di.

Britannica ke mutabiq muhim ko paanch jahaz mile: salaar ka jahaz "Trinidad" (Trinidad), aur is ke sath "San Antonio" (San Antonio), "Concepcion" (Concepcion), "Victoria" (Victoria) aur "Santiago" (Santiago). 20 September 1519 ko beyra Sanlucar de Barrameda (Sanlucar de Barrameda) se rawana hua. Is par taqriban 270 aadmi the, zyada tar Spain aur Portugal ke, magar Europe ke dusre hisson aur shumali Africa ke log bhi.

Abnaye ki talash

Beyra Jazair-e-Canary se hota hua Bahr-e-Atlantic paar kar ke 13 December 1519 ko Rio de Janeiro ki khaleej mein pahuncha. Britannica ke mutabiq wahan se Magellan ne janub ki taraf sahil ke sath sath abnaye talash ki. 31 March 1520 ko woh maujooda Argentina ki bandargah San Julian (Port Saint Julian) pahuncha, jahan sardi ka mausam guzara. Yahin chand Hispanavi captainon ne baghawat ki jise Magellan ne sakhti se daba diya. Isi douran "Santiago" jahaz survey karte hue tabah ho gaya.

21 October 1520 ko beyra taqriban 52 darje janubi arz-e-balad par us raste mein dakhil hua jo baad mein "Abnaye Magellan" kehlaya. Is raste mein "San Antonio" sath chhor kar Spain laut gaya, aur sirf teen jahaz dusre sire tak pahunche. Britannica ke mutabiq riwayat hai ke jab khula samundar nazar aane ki khabar mili to yeh sakht irade wala salaar khushi se ro pada.

Is muhim ka ek aham chashm-deed gawah Italy ke shehar Vicenza (Vicenza) ka Antonio Pigafetta (Antonio Pigafetta) tha, jo poore safar mein rozana halaat likhta raha. Hakluyt Society ne 1874 mein Lord Stanley (Lord Stanley of Alderley) ka English tarjuma shaya kiya. Pigafetta abnaye ke bare mein likhta hai ke donon taraf barf posh pahar the, October ke mahine mein raat sirf teen ghante ki hoti thi, har aadhi league par langar dalne ki achhi jagah, meetha pani, deodar ki lakdi aur sardine jaisi machhli milti thi, aur chashmon ke paas ek meethi booti ugti thi jo kai din un ki khuraak rahi. Is ke alfaz hain: "Mera khayal hai ke duniya mein is se zyada khoobsurat mulk ya is se behtar abnaye nahin."

Teen mahine bees din: Bhook ka samundar

28 November 1520 ko teenon jahaz abnaye se nikal kar is samundar mein dakhil hue jise Balboa ne saat baras pehle Panama ki choti se dekha tha. Pigafetta ke mutabiq is ke baad woh teen mahine aur bees din tak kahin se taza khuraak hasil na kar sake. Woh likhta hai ke woh purane biscuit ka chura khate rahe jis mein keede pad chuke the aur jis par chuhon ki gandagi thi, aur zard badbudar pani peete rahe. Jab yeh bhi khatam hua to unhon ne badban ke dande par lipti bail ki khalein utarein, unhein char paanch din samundar mein bhigo kar naram kiya, angaron par zara sa bhuna aur kha liya. Lakdi ka burada bhi khaya gaya, aur ek chuha aadhe ducat mein bikta tha, woh bhi mushkil se milta tha.

Sab se badi musibat ek bimari thi jis mein masoorhe itne sooj jate ke aadmi kha na sakta. Mutarjim ke hashiye ke mutabiq yeh scurvy (scurvy) thi. Pigafetta ke mutabiq is se unnees aadmi mar gaye aur pachchis tees bimar pade. Phir bhi woh likhta hai ke is poore arse mein koi toofan nahin aaya, "is liye is ka naam Bahr-ul-Kahil (Pacific, yaani pursukoon) bilkul theek rakha gaya". Raste mein sirf do chhote ghair abad jazire mile jin par parindon aur darakhton ke siwa kuch na tha; unhon ne un ka naam "badqismat jazire" rakha.

Britannica ke mutabiq 6 March 1521 ko Jazair-e-Mariana ke jazire Guam (Guam) par pehli bar khushki par utarna hua, aur nanway din baad taza khuraak mili.

Mactan aur Elcano

March 1521 ke aakhir mein beyra un jazair mein pahuncha jo baad mein Philippines kehlaye. Britannica ke mutabiq 27 April 1521 ko jazira Mactan (Mactan) ke logon se ek larai mein Magellan mara gaya.

Is ke baad Britannica ke mutabiq sirf do jahaz, "Trinidad" aur "Victoria", masalon ke jazair tak pahunch sake; Pigafetta ki tareekhon ke mutabiq woh 8 November 1521 ko jazira Tidore (Tidore) pahunche. "Trinidad" itna khasta ho chuka tha ke lamba safar na kar saka. "Victoria" ki command Elcano ke paas thi. Britannica ke mutabiq Elcano taqriban 1476 mein Spain ke Basque ilaqe ke qasbe Guetaria (Guetaria) mein paida hua tha aur is muhim mein "Concepcion" jahaz ka master tha. Is ne faisla kiya ke Bahr-ul-Kahil wapas paar karne ke bajaye maghrib ki taraf Bahr-e-Hind paar kar ke Africa ke gird ghoomte hue Spain pahuncha jaye. 21 December 1521 ko "Victoria" Tidore se rawana hua.

Ek din kahan gaya?

Scurvy, bhook aur Portugali jahazon ke khatre ke bawajood "Victoria" ne May 1522 mein Ras Umeed (Cape of Good Hope) ka chakkar kata. July mein Jazair-e-Cape Verde par kuch aadmi chawal lene sahil par gaye. Pigafetta likhta hai ke unhein hidayat thi ke pooch kar aayen aaj kaun sa din hai. Jawab mila Jumeraat, jabke jahaz ke hisab mein Budh tha. Pigafetta, jis ne bila naagha har din likha tha, sab se zyada hairan hua. Baad mein unhein samajh aaya ke sooraj ke sath sath musalsal maghrib ki taraf safar karte hue duniya ka poora chakkar lagane se un ka ek din kam ho gaya tha.

Pigafetta ke mutabiq hafta 6 September 1522 ko "Victoria" San Lucar ki khaleej mein dakhil hua. Moluccas se chalte waqt jahaz par saath aadmi the; ab atharah reh gaye the aur un mein se bhi zyada tar bimar the. Is ke hisab se unhon ne chaudah hazar char sau saath league se zyada fasla tay kiya. Britannica ke mutabiq 8 September 1522 ko jahaz Seville pahuncha, aur shahenshah Charles ne Elcano ko ek nishan ata kiya jis par kurra-e-arz bana tha aur Latin mein likha tha: "Tum ne sab se pehle mera chakkar lagaya."

Britannica ke mutabiq Elcano Moluccas ki ek aur muhim ke douran 4 August 1526 ko samundar mein faut hua. Britannica ke mutabiq is pehle chakkar ne is tasawwur ki tasdeeq kar di ke zameen gol hai, aur yeh dikha diya ke Bahr-ul-Kahil kitna wasee hai.

Agli qist: Hasan al-Wazzan, Leo Africanus: Africa ka bayan.