Jalal ud Din Mangburni: Darya-e-Sindh mein chhalang lagane wala Sultan

Terahveen sadi eesvi ke aaghaz mein jab Genghis Khan (Genghis Khan) ki Mongol faujein Wusta Asia mein dakhil huin to Khwarazm Shahi saltanat un ke samne sab se badi taqat thi. Chand hi barson mein yeh saltanat bikhar gayi, magar is ke aakhri hukmran ne hathiyar nahin dale. Jalal ud Din Mangburni (Jalal al-Din Mangburni) ne Afghanistan se Sindh aur Punjab, aur phir Iran se Qafqaz tak Mongolon aur doosre harifon se larayian larin. Us ki zindagi ka ek aham baab Darya-e-Sindh ke kinare, Punjab, Sindh aur Makuran mein guzra.

Khwarazm ka shahzada

Jalal ud Din Khwarazm Shah Ala ud Din Muhammad doam ka bada beta tha. Us ki walida ek Turkman kaneez thin, aur isi wajah se us ki dadi Turkan Khatun, jo darbar mein bahut taqatwar thin, us ke bajaye ek chhote bete ki wali ahdi ki hami thin. 1215 mein walid ne saltanat beton mein taqseem ki to Jalal ud Din ke hisse mein sabiq Ghori saltanat ke ilaqe aaye.

Mongolon ka hamla

History.com ke mutabiq 1219 mein Genghis Khan ne Khwarazm par lashkar kashi ki. Wajah yeh bani ke Mongol ilaqe se aane wale ek tijarati qafile ka maal loot kar tajir qatl kar diye gaye aur baad mein Genghis Khan ke safeer bhi mare gaye. Mongol fauj ne Bukhara, Samarqand aur Gurganj jaise shehar yeke baad deegre fatah kar liye. Khwarazm Shah paspa hota hua Bahira-e-Caspian ke ek jazeere tak ja pahuncha aur 1220 ke aakhir mein wahin inteqal kar gaya.

Baap ki wafat ke baad Jalal ud Din Sultan bana. Darul hukumat Gurganj mein umara ki sazish ka pata chalne par woh chand sau sawaron ke saath nikla aur Mongol dastoon se bachta hua Ghazni pahuncha, jahan us ke hami badi tadad mein jama ho gaye.

Parwan ki fatah aur Darya-e-Sindh ka kinara

1221 mein Jalal ud Din ne Kabul ke shumal mein Parwan ke maqam par Mongol salar Shiki Qutuqu ki fauj ko shikast di. Magar fatah ke fauran baad maal-e-ghanimat par us ke lashkar mein jhagra ho gaya. Rashid ud Din ke Jami ut Tawarikh ke ek takmile ke mutabiq Herat ke hakim Amin Malik aur Saif ud Din Aghraq ke darmiyan ek ghore par tanaza hua, Amin Malik ne Aghraq ko koRa maar diya, aur Aghraq apni fauj le kar raat ki tarikhi mein alag ho gaya. Jalal ud Din ki fauj aadhi reh gayi.

Ab us ne Darya-e-Sindh paar kar ke Hindustan jane ka faisla kiya. Muarrikh Ata Malik Juwaini (Juwaini) ki Tarikh-e-Jahan Kusha ke mutabiq Genghis Khan din raat safar karta hua Ghazni pahuncha to maloom hua ke Sultan pandrah din pehle Darya-e-Sindh ki taraf rawana ho chuka hai. Mongolon ne use darya ke kinare ja liya aur kaman ki shakl mein ghera daal diya. Jalal ud Din der tak larta raha, aur jab ghera tang ho gaya to taza ghore par sawar ho kar darya mein kood gaya aur tairta hua doosre kinare par ja nikla.

Juwaini likhta hai ke yeh manzar dekh kar Genghis Khan ne hairat se apne beton se kaha ke yeh woh shakhs hai jise waqai mard kaha ja sakta hai. Taham Sultan ke beshtar saathi ya to darya mein doob gaye ya mare gaye, aur us ke khandan ke mard arkan, kam sin bachchon samet, qatl kar diye gaye. Jadeed muarrikhin is larai ki tareekh 24 November 1221 batate hain, jabke qadeem muarrikhin ki di hui hijri tarikhein ek doosre se mukhtalif hain.

Punjab aur Sindh mein qiyam

Juwaini ke mutabiq darya paar karne ke baad chand din tak Jalal ud Din jangalon mein chhupa raha aur aahista aahista us ke bach jane wale saathi us se aa mile. Us ne maqami dastoon par hamle kar ke hathiyar aur sawariyan hasil kin, aur us ki fauj chand sau se barh kar teen hazar aur phir das hazar tak ja pahunchi. Mongolon ka ek dasta us ke taaqub mein aaya to woh Delhi ki taraf barha aur Sultan Shams ud Din Iltutmish (Iltutmish) ko paigham bheja ke use kuch arse ke liye rehne ki jagah di jaye. Juwaini ke mutabiq Iltutmish ne tahaif to bheje magar yeh uzr kiya ke yahan ki aab o hawa Sultan ke liye mozoon nahin.

Is ke baad Jalal ud Din ne Koh-e-Namak (Koh-e-Jood) ke ilaqe ka rukh kiya. Juwaini likhta hai ke Khokhar sardar Rai Sankin ne apni beti us se byah di aur apne bete ko ek daste ke saath us ki khidmat mein bheja. Us zamane mein Sindh aur Multan par Nasir ud Din Qabacha ki hukumat thi. Jalal ud Din ke salar Uzbek Pai ne saat hazar sawaron ke saath Uch ke qareeb Qabacha ke bees hazar ke lashkar par raat ko hamla kar ke use muntashir kar diya. Isi dauran Pasrur ke qile ke muhasre mein Jalal ud Din ke sar par teer laga.

Phir woh junoob ki taraf Sindh mein utra. Juwaini ke mutabiq Sadusan (Sehwan) ke hakim Fakhr ud Din Salari ne itaat qubool ki to Sultan ne ek mah wahan qiyam ke baad use dobara hakim muqarrar kar diya. Wahan se woh Debal aur Damrela ki taraf gaya, jahan ka hakim kashti mein baith kar samandar ki taraf nikal gaya. Idhar Mongolon ke ek daste ne Multan ka muhasra kiya magar shadeed garmi ki wajah se wapas jana para.

Isi dauran Iraq se khabar aayi ke wahan ke lashkari us ki wapsi ke muntazir hain. Chunanche Jalal ud Din Makuran ke raste Iran rawana hua. Juwaini likhta hai ke Makuran ki aab o hawa itni namuwafiq thi ke us ki fauj ka bada hissa raste mein zaya ho gaya. Barre-saghir mein us ka qiyam do se teen baras raha; muarrikhin us ki muddat mukhtalif batate hain.

Iran wapsi aur anjam

Kirman pahunch kar us ne wahan ke hakim Buraq Hajib ki beti se shadi ki, aur phir Iraq-e-Ajam, Azerbaijan aur Qafqaz mein apni hukumat dobara qaim karne ki koshish ki. 1225 mein us ne Tabriz par qabza kiya aur Georgia ke khilaf bhi laRa. Magar hamsayon se musalsal jangon ne use tanha kar diya. 1230 mein Saljuqi Sultan Ala ud Din Kaiqubad aur Ayyubi ittehadiyon ne use Yassi Chaman ki larai mein shikast di, aur 1231 mein Mongolon ki ek nai fauj ne us ka raha saha lashkar bhi muntashir kar diya. Woh paharon mein panah lene par majboor hua aur isi baras August mein ek Kurd ke hathon mara gaya jo apne bhai ke qatl ka badla lena chahta tha.

Wirsa

Jalal ud Din ke baare mein qadeem aur jadeed muarrikhin ki raye mili juli hai. Us ke dost aur ham safar Muhammad Nasawi ne, jis ne us ki sawanih likhi, use behad bahadur aur narm mizaj qarar diya, aur Minhaj Siraj Juzjani ne bhi us ki bahaduri ka zikr kiya. Doosri taraf baaz jadeed muarrikhin, jin mein Rusi mustashriq Barthold shamil hain, us ki siyasi basirat aur hukmarani par sakht tanqeed karte hain.

Jalal ud Din ki kahani ek aise hukmran ki hai jis ki saltanat us ki aankhon ke samne khatam ho gayi, magar jis ke Darya-e-Sindh paar karne ka waqia sadiyon baad bhi tareekh ki kitabon aur musawwari mein zinda hai.