Muhammad V: Granada ka sultan jis ne Alhambra ka sheron wala mahal banwaya

Junubi Spain ke shehr Granada (Granada) ke upar ek pahari par Alhambra (Alhambra) ke surkhi mail qile aur mahallat khade hain, jo aaj duniya ki mashhoor tareen tareekhi imaraton mein shumar hote hain. In mahallat ka sab se mashhoor hissa, sheron wala sehan (Court of the Lions), chaudhwin sadi mein Banu Nasr khandan ke sultan Muhammad V (Muhammad V) ke daur mein bana. Muhammad V ne do adwaar mein hukumat ki, 1354 se 1359 tak aur phir 1362 se 1391 tak, aur un ka zamana Granada ki saltanat ke urooj ka daur samjha jata hai.

Granada aur Banu Nasr

Britannica ke mutabiq Alhambra ki tameer zyada tar 1238 aur 1358 ke darmiyan Banu Nasr (Nasrid) khandan ke bani Ibn al-Ahmar aur un ke janasheenon ke daur mein hui. Is daur mein jazeera numa Iberia ke junub mein Granada ki saltanat ek chhoti magar khushhal riyasat thi, jis mein Granada ke alawa Malaga (Malaga) aur Almeria jaise sahili shehr shamil the.

Muhammad V, sultan Yusuf awwal ke bade bete the. Aam taur par un ki tareekh-e-paidaish 4 January 1339 batayi jati hai. Britannica ke mutabiq Alhambra ki shandar andaruni aarayish ka bada hissa Yusuf awwal ke daur se mansoob hai, jin ka intiqal 1354 mein hua.

Pehla daur aur jila watani

Walid ki wafat ke waqt Muhammad V ki umar pandrah baras ke lagbhag thi, is liye ibtida mein hukumat ka intizam tajurba kaar wuzara ke hath mein raha. In mein sab se mashhoor Ibn al-Khatib (Ibn al-Khatib) the, jinhein Britannica ek "shandar adeeb" aur Granada ka wazir-e-azam batata hai.

1359 mein mahal ke andar ek sazish ke nateeje mein Muhammad V ko takht chhodna para. Unhon ne samundar paar Morocco ke shehr Fez (Fez) mein Marini hukmaran ke darbar mein panah li, aur Ibn al-Khatib bhi un ke sath rahe. Taqriban teen baras baad, 1362 mein, woh Granada wapas aaye aur dobara takht sambhala. Is baar un ki hukumat taqriban tees baras qaim rahi.

Doosra daur: aman aur safarat kaari

Muhammad V ka doosra daur nisbatan pur aman raha. Unhon ne shumal ki badi maseehi saltanat Castile (Castile) ke sath sulh ki policy jari rakhi, aur safarat kaari ke zariye apni chhoti riyasat ko mehfooz rakha.

Is safarat kaari ki ek dilchasp misaal mashhoor muarrikh aur mahir-e-umraniyat Ibn Khaldun (Ibn Khaldun) se juri hai. Britannica ke mutabiq Ibn Khaldun Fez mein Granada ke sultan ki kuch khidmat kar chuke the, aur jab woh battees baras ki umar mein Morocco chhod kar Granada aaye to wahan un ka istiqbal hua. Agle saal sultan ne unhein Castile ke badshah Pedro awwal ke paas Seville (Seville) bheja taake sulh ka muahida tay karein. Ibn Khaldun ne apni khudnawisht mein likha ke Pedro ne un se badi fayyazi ka bartao kiya aur unhein apni mulazmat ki peshkash bhi ki, jise unhon ne shaistagi se radd kar diya. Granada ke sultan ne unhein ek gaon ata kiya aur woh apne ahl-e-khana ko bhi wahan le aaye.

Alhambra mein tameerat

Muhammad V ka sab se bada wirsa Alhambra mein un ki tameerat hain. Britannica ke mutabiq Comares mahal (Comares Palace) ka aaraishi maghribi darwaza, jise Comares ka agwara kaha jata hai, chaudhwin sadi mein Muhammad V ne banwaya, aur isi hisse mein sultan apne umara se mulaqatein karte the.

Un ki sab se mashhoor tameer sheron wala mahal aur us ka sehan hai, jo un ke doosre daur mein bana. Britannica ke mutabiq yeh mustateel sehan taqriban 35 meter lamba aur 20 meter chaura hai. Is ke charon taraf ek aarasta baramda hai jo safed sang-e-marmar ke 124 sutunon par khara hai, aur donon siron par jaaldar deewaron aur lakdi ki gumbad numa chhat wale do chhote baradari numa hisse sehan ke andar tak aate hain. Sehan ke beech mein ek fawwara hai jis ka hauz safed sang-e-marmar ke barah sheron ki pusht par rakha hai.

Isi mahal ka ek hall, do behnon ka hall (Hall of the Two Sisters), apni chhat ki wajah se mashhoor hai. Britannica ke mutabiq is ka naam farsh mein lagi safed sang-e-marmar ki do badi silon se para, aur is ka gumbad shehad ke chhatte ki tarah hazaron chhote khanon se bana hai, jin ki tadad paanch hazar ke qareeb batayi jati hai. Yeh muqarnas (stalactite) kaari ki behtareen misalon mein shumar hota hai.

Shifakhana aur sheron ke fawware

Muhammad V ne sirf shahi mahallat hi nahin banwaye. Alhambra ke intizami idare (Patronato de la Alhambra) ke mutabiq unhon ne 1367 mein Granada mein ek shifakhana (maristan) qaim kiya. Yeh darya-e-Darro ke qareeb, Alhambra ke samne, shehr ke nasheebi hisse mein tha. Yeh do manzila mustateel imarat thi jis ke beech mein ek sehan, charon taraf baramde aur darmiyan mein ek hauz tha. Aaj is imarat ki jagah taqriban khali khandar hai.

Isi idare ke mutabiq Muhammad V apni kai imaraton mein pani ke fawwaron ke liye pathar ke sheron ke mujassame istemal karte the. Nasri daur ke solah sher aaj tak mehfooz hain: barah sheron wale sehan mein, aur baqi mein se do woh hain jo shifakhane ke hauz mein pani girate the aur ab Alhambra ke ajaib ghar mein rakhe hain.

Adab aur ilm

Muhammad V ka daur Granada ki adabi zindagi ka bhi urooj tha. Un ke wazir Ibn al-Khatib apne daur ke bade adeeb, shair aur muarrikh the, aur un ke baad shair Ibn Zamrak (Ibn Zamrak) wazir bane. Ibn Khaldun jaise aalim ki Granada mein moujoodgi bhi isi ilmi mahaul ki ek misaal hai.

Wafat

Muhammad V ka intiqal 16 January 1391 ko hua aur un ke bete Yusuf sani un ke janasheen bane. Muarrikheen ke mutabiq un ki wafat ke baad Granada ki saltanat janasheeni ke jhagron mein ulajh gayi, aur ek sadi baad, 1492 mein, Banu Nasr ki hukumat khatam ho gayi.

Wirsa

Britannica ke mutabiq 1492 ke baad Alhambra ki andaruni aarayish ka bada hissa zaya ho gaya, kuch hisse giraye gaye aur unneesween sadi mein zalzale aur jang se bhi nuqsan hua, magar 1828 ke baad se marammat aur tahaffuz ka kaam musalsal jari hai. UNESCO ne Alhambra, baghat-e-Jannat al-Arif (Generalife) aur Albaicin ke purane mohalle ko alami wirsa qarar diya hai, aur us ke mutabiq Alhambra islami daur ka wahid mehfooz shahi shehr aur Nasri fan ki behtareen misal hai. Har saal lakhon sayyah sheron wale is sehan ko dekhne aate hain jo Muhammad V ke daur ki yaadgar hai.