Mahmud Ghaznavi: Ghazni se Punjab tak phaili saltanat

Gyarahveen sadi eesvi ke aaghaz mein maujooda Afghanistan ka shehar Ghazni ek soobai qasba nahin raha balke ek wasi saltanat ka daar-ul-hukumat ban gaya. Is tabdeeli ke peechhe ek turk nizhad hukmran ka haath tha jis ne 998 se 1030 tak hukumat ki aur jis ki saltanat shimal maghribi Iran se le kar Punjab aur Khwarazm tak phaili hui thi. Yeh hukmran Abul Qasim Mahmud bin Sabuktigin tha jise tareekh Mahmud Ghaznavi (Mahmud of Ghazni) ke naam se jaanti hai. Barre-saghir mein us ki baar baar ki Muhimmat, aur khaas taur par Somnath ki muhim, aaj bhi tareekh ki kitaabon mein bahas ka mauzoo hain.

Ibtidai zindagi

Mahmud 971 mein Ghazni mein paida hua. Us ke walid Sabuktigin (Sabuktigin) turk nizhad ghulam the jo taraqqi karte karte Samani hukmranon ke matehat Ghazni ke hakim bane aur 977 mein Ghaznavi khandan ki bunyad rakhi. Naujawan Mahmud apne walid ki Muhimmat mein shareek raha.

Sabuktigin ka intiqal 997 mein hua aur us ne apne chhote bete Ismail ko jaanasheen muqarrar kiya. Mahmud ne yeh faisla qabool na kiya aur agle baras, yaani 998 mein, Ghazni ke qareeb Ismail ko shikast de kar takht sambhal liya.

Iqtidar ka istehkam

Takht par baithte hi Mahmud ne Khurasan par nazar rakhi. 999 mein us ne Marv ke qareeb Samani fauj ko shikast di aur kuchh hi arse mein Samani saltanat khatam ho gayi. Darya-e-Jaihun (Amu darya) ko Ghaznaviyon aur Wasti Asia ke Qarakhani hukmranon ke darmiyan sarhad maan liya gaya. Isi daur mein Abbasi khalifa ne use "Yamin-ud-Daula wa Amin-ul-Milla" ka khitab diya. Terahveen sadi ke muarrikh Minhaj Siraj Juzjani ke mutabiq woh pehla Musalman badshah tha jise khalifa ki taraf se "Sultan" ka laqab mila.

Baad ke barson mein Sistan (1002), Gharjistan (1012) aur Khwarazm (1017) bhi us ki saltanat mein shamil hue. Balochistan ke qareen ke liye dilchasp baat yeh hai ke Qusdar, yaani maujooda Khuzdar, ko Sabuktigin ne apna baaj guzar banaya tha. Ghaznavi muarrikh Utbi ke mutabiq baad mein jab wahan ke hakim ne kharaaj rok liya to Sultan ko us par dobara chadhai karni padi. Yeh muhim 1011 mein hui; hakim ne itaat qabool kar li aur use apni riyasat par barqarar rakha gaya.

Barre-saghir ki Muhimmat

Unneesveen sadi ke muarrikh H. M. Elliot ne purani tawareekh ki bunyad par Mahmud ki Hindustan ki satrah Muhimmat ki fehrist murattab ki, aur aam riwayat mein bhi satrah hamlon hi ka zikr hota hai. 1001 mein us ne Peshawar ke qareeb Hindu Shahi hukmran Jaipal (Jayapala) ko shikast di. Baad ke barson mein Multan, Nagarkot (Kangra), Thanesar, Mathura, Qanauj aur Kalinjar tak us ki faujein pahunchin. Kashmir ki taraf us ki pesh qadmi Lohkot ke qilae par ruk gayi aur nakam rahi; aam taur par aisi do koshishon ka zikr milta hai (1015 aur 1021). 1021 ke lag bhag Lahore aur Punjab ko baqaida taur par Ghaznavi saltanat mein shamil kar liya gaya. In Muhimmat mein mandiron aur shehron se hasil hone wali daulat Ghazni ki tameer par kharch hui.

In Muhimmat ke asraat ke baare mein ek purani gawahi khud Mahmud ke darbar se wabasta aalim Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni (Al-Biruni) ki hai. Apni kitaab Al-Hind mein unhon ne likha ke Mahmud ki yalgharon ne mulk ki khushhali ko "bilkul barbad kar diya", aur Hindu uloom ke mahir in ilaqon se hat kar Kashmir aur Banaras jaise door daraz muqamat par chale gaye.

Somnath ki muhim

Mahmud ki sab se mashhoor muhim Gujarat ke sahil par waqe Somnath ke mandir ke khilaf thi. Ibn Athir (Ibn al-Athir) ki tareekh Al-Kamil mein is muhim ka qadeem tareen tafseeli bayan milta hai. Is ke mutabiq Mahmud tees hazar sawaron ke saath Ghazni se nikla, Multan ke raste sehra-e-Thar uboor kiya aur pani o ghalle ke liye tees hazar oont saath liye. Anhilwara ka raja Bhima (Bhima I) shehar chhor kar chala gaya. Do din ki ladai ke baad Somnath ka qila aur mandir Mahmud ke qabze mein aa gaya. Ibn Athir ke mutabiq moorti ka ek hissa jala diya gaya aur doosra Ghazni le jaya gaya.

Jadeed andazon ke mutabiq yeh muhim 1025 ke aakhir mein shuru hui aur mandir par hamla January 1026 mein hua, taham qadeem muarrikheen ki di hui hijri tareekhon mein ek do saal ka farq hai. Wapsi mein Mahmud ne Sindh aur sehra ka rasta ikhtiyar kiya jahan pani aur khuraak ki kami se us ki fauj ko bhaari nuqsan uthana pada.

Bharati muarrikh Romila Thapar (Romila Thapar) ne 2004 ki apni kitaab "Somnath: Ek tareekh ki kai awazein" mein turk farsi tawareekh ke saath saath maqami Sanskrit katbon, us daur ke rajaon aur tajiron ki sawaneh, darbari razmiyon aur awami riwayaat ka jaiza liya. Un ki kitaab ke nashir ke mutabiq un ka kehna hai ke turk farsi tawareekh ke fatihana bayanat hi atharahveen sadi ke zyada tar muarrikheen ka bunyadi maakhaz ban gaye.

Ghazni: ilm o adab ka markaz

Mahmud ke daur mein Ghazni Wasti Asia ke bare ilmi aur tijarati shehron mein shumar hone laga. Al-Biruni isi darbar se wabasta rahe aur Hindustan ke baare mein un ki kitaab, jo 1030 ke lag bhag mukammal hui, aaj bhi us daur ke Hindustani uloom aur rasm o riwaj ka aham maakhaz samjhi jati hai. Darbari shayar Unsuri bhi isi darbar se wabasta the; Minhaj Siraj ke mutabiq unhon ne Somnath ki muhim par ek taweel qaseeda likha.

Farsi ke azeem shayar Ferdowsi (Ferdowsi) ne apni barson ki mehnat ka samar, Shahnama, Mahmud ke samne pesh kiya. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq barahveen sadi ke musannif Nizami Arudi ne likha ke Ferdowsi ko us ka munasib sila nahin mila, aur khud Ferdowsi ne bhi nazm ke aakhir mein us ka shikwa kiya hai. Irani muhaqqiq Khaleghi Motlagh ke mutabiq Mahmud ne baad mein bees hazar dinar bheje, magar yeh raqam shayar ki wafat ke baad pahunchi aur un ki beti ke inkar par us se Tus ke raste par ek sarai tameer karayi gayi.

Aakhri ayyam aur wirsa

Elliot ki fehrist ke mutabiq Mahmud ki aakhri Hindustani muhim 1027 ke lag bhag Multan ki simt Koh-e-Jud ke Jaaton ke khilaf thi. Woh 421 Hijri, yaani 1030 mein, Ghazni mein intiqal kar gaya; aam taur par us ki tareekh-e-wafat 30 April 1030 batayi jati hai. Us ke baad pehle us ka beta Muhammad aur phir Masud takht nasheen hue. Ghaznavi khandan ki hukumat taqreeban derh sadi mazeed chali, yahan tak ke 1186 ke lag bhag Ghori hukmran Muhammad Ghori ne un ka aakhri markaz Lahore bhi le liya.

Mahmud Ghaznavi ki kahani ek aise hukmran ki kahani hai jis ne ek soobai shehar ko badi saltanat ka markaz banaya, ulama aur shuara ko apne darbar mein jagah di, aur jis ki jangi Muhimmat ke nuqoosh aaj bhi tareekh nawisi mein zer-e-bahas hain.