Mansa Musa: Mali ka badshah jis ke sonay ki shohrat Europe tak pahunchi

Chaudahwin sadi eisvi mein, jab Europe khana jangiyon aur qillat se dochar tha, maghribi Africa ke sehrai kinare par saltanat-e-Mali (Mali Empire) apne urooj par thi. Is saltanat ka sab se mashhoor hukmran Mansa Musa (Mansa Musa) tha jis ne taqriban 1312 se 1337 tak hukumat ki. "Mansa" Mali ki zaban mein badshah ka laqab tha. Aaj Mansa Musa ka naam ziyada tar is ki daulat ke hawale se liya jata hai, magar is ki kahani mein Hajj ka ek mashhoor safar, Timbuktu (Timbuktu) ki ilmi raunaq aur ek wasee saltanat ka intezam bhi shamil hai.

Saltanat-e-Mali aur takht tak rasai

Saltanat-e-Mali ki bunyad Sundiata Keita (Sundiata Keita) ne terahwin sadi mein rakhi thi. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq yeh saltanat Sahara-e-azam ke aar paar tijarati raston ka markaz thi: shimal se namak aata tha aur janoob se sona aur hathi dant. Darul hukumat Niani (Niani) tha jabke Timbuktu darya-e-Niger ke qareeb sab se aham tijarati shehar tha.

Mansa Musa ke takht par aane ki kahani ek bahri muhim se jurri hai. Arab muarrikh al-Umari ki riwayat ke mutabiq, jo BBC ne naql ki hai, is ka pesh-rau Abubakar bahr-e-Atlantic ke paar kya hai, yeh janne ke liye bahri beda le kar nikla aur kabhi wapas na aaya. Is ki ghair mojoodgi mein Musa naib ke taur par hukumat chala raha tha aur baad mein khud badshah ban gaya. Is ki paidaish ka saal bhi yaqeeni nahin; BBC isay 1280 ke lag bhag batata hai.

Saltanat ki wusat aur intezam

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Mansa Musa ke paas taqriban ek lakh sipahiyon ki fauj thi jis mein das hazar ghur sawar shamil the. Is daur mein saltanat ki hudood maghrib mein Gambia aur Senegal tak, aur mashriq mein darya-e-Niger par waqe shehar Gao (Gao) tak phail gayin. BBC ke mutabiq is ki saltanat taqriban do hazar meel par phaili hui thi aur aaj ke Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea aur Ivory Coast ke hissay is mein shamil the. BBC ke mutabiq is ke daur mein Timbuktu samet 24 shehar saltanat mein shamil hue.

Itne bare ilaqay ko chalane ke liye, World History Encyclopedia ke baqol, Mansa Musa ne saltanat ko subon mein banta aur har subay par apna muqarrar kardah governor bithaya. Riyasat ki amdani tijarat par mahsool, sonay aur tambay ki kanon aur maftooha qabail ke kharaj se aati thi. BBC ne British Museum ke hawale se likha hai ke is zamanay mein purani dunya ke sonay ka taqriban nisf hissa Mali se aata tha.

1324 ka Hajj aur Cairo mein sona

Mansa Musa ko alami shohrat 1324 ke safar-e-Hajj se mili. National Geographic ke mutabiq is se pehle Mali maghribi Africa se bahar bohat kam jana jata tha. Qafilay ke hajm ke bare mein riwayat mukhtalif hain; BBC ke mutabiq badshah saath hazar afrad ke saath rawana hua jin mein darbari, sipahi, tajir, shuturban aur barah hazar ghulam shamil the.

July 1324 mein qafila Cairo pahuncha jahan Mansa Musa ne taqriban teen mah qiyam kiya. History.com ke mutabiq al-Umari ki riwayat mein aata hai ke Misr ke sultan al-Nasir Muhammad se mulaqat ke adaab par pehle kuch hichkichahat hui, phir mulaqat khushgawar mahol mein hui. Cairo ke bazaron mein itna sona kharch aur taqseem hua ke wahan sonay ki qadar gir gayi. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq chandi ke muqablay mein sonay ke dinar ki qeemat taqriban bees fisad kam hui aur bazar ko sambhalne mein barah baras lagay; BBC yeh muddat taqriban das baras batata hai.

Is kahani ka doosra rukh bhi hai. Kai muasir Arab musannifeen ke mutabiq wapsi ke safar mein badshah ka khazana khatam ho gaya aur isay Misri tajiron se bhari sharah par qarz lena para. BBC ne London ke School of Oriental and African Studies ki Lucy Duran ke hawale se likha hai ke Mali ke riwayati dastan go (griot) is fayyazi ko pasand nahin karte, kyunke un ke khayal mein is se maqami wasail saltanat se bahar luta diye gaye.

Timbuktu: Masjiden aur madrase

Hajj se wapsi par Mansa Musa apne saath ulama aur memar laya. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is ne Gao aur Timbuktu mein masjiden aur Niani mein darbar ka ek hall tameer karaya. Timbuktu ki mashhoor jamia masjid Djinguereber (Djinguereber) ko riwayati taur par isi daur se joda jata hai, aur is ka design Andalus ke shair aur memar Abu Ishaq al-Sahili (Abu Ishaq al-Sahili) se mansoob kiya jata hai.

Mansa Musa ne kitaben mangwayin, ulama ko Mali aane ki dawat di aur maqami talba ko Morocco ke shehar Fez (Fez) parhne bheja. BBC ke mutabiq is ne schoolon, kutub khanon aur masjidon par raqam kharch ki, aur Timbuktu rafta rafta ilm ka aisa markaz ban gaya jahan door daraz se talba aane lage aur jo aage chal kar Sankore (Sankore) ke ilmi markaz ke naam se mashhoor hua.

"Tarikh ka ameer tareen insan"?

Mansa Musa ko aksar "tarikh ka ameer tareen insan" kaha jata hai, magar yeh ek andaza hai, koi sabit shuda hisab nahin. BBC ke mutabiq 2012 mein ek American website ne is ki daulat chaar sau arab dollar batayi, lekin maashi muarrikhin muttafiq hain ke is ki daulat ko kisi ek adad mein bayan karna mumkin nahin. University of California ke muarrikh Rudolph Ware ne BBC se kaha ke muasir bayanat itne purjosh hain ke is ki asal daulat aur taqat ka andaza lagana "taqriban namumkin" hai. World History Encyclopedia bhi mohtat alfaz mein kehta hai ke woh "shayad" tarikh ka ameer tareen shakhs tha.

Aakhri ayyam aur wirsa

BBC ke mutabiq Mansa Musa ne 1337 mein taqriban sattawan baras ki umar mein wafat payi, agarchay qadeem makhaz ki bunyad par is ki paidaish aur wafat donon ke saal andaze hi hain. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is ke baad is ka beta Mansa Magha aur phir bhai Mansa Sulaiman takht par baithe. BBC ke mutabiq baad ke hukmran saltanat ko yakja na rakh sake; pandrahwin sadi mein khana jangiyon, naye tijarati raston aur Songhai (Songhai) saltanat ke urooj ne Mali ka zawal mukammal kar diya.

Mansa Musa ki shohrat ka ek derpa nishan 1375 ka Catalan Atlas (Catalan Atlas) hai, jo Hispani naqshanawison ne banaya. Is mein maghribi Africa ke naqshay par ek badshah takht par baitha hai, sar par sonay ka taj aur hath mein sonay ka tukra. National Geographic ke mutabiq isi atlas ke baad Mansa Musa alami tasawwur mein be panah daulat ki alamat ban gaya.

Mansa Musa ki kahani mein sona sab se numayan hai, magar is ka asal naqsh shayad Timbuktu hai, jo is ke baad sadiyon tak ilm aur tijarat ke shehar ke taur par jana gaya. Is ki daulat ke aadad o shumar par bahas jari rahegi, lekin yeh tay hai ke is ke ek safar ne maghribi Africa ko baqi dunya ke naqshay par numayan kar diya.