Muhammad bin Tughluq: naye daar-ul-hukumat aur nayi currency ke tajurbat

Barr-e-saghir ki tareekh mein Muhammad bin Tughluq (Muhammad bin Tughluq) ka naam aam tor par do tajurbon ke sath liya jata hai: daar-ul-hukumat ko Delhi se Deccan muntaqil karna, aur chandi ki jagah kam qeemat dhat ke sikke raij karna. Unhon ne 1325 se 1351 tak hukumat ki. Britannica ke mutabiq un ka daur Saltanat-e-Delhi ka nuqta-e-urooj bhi tha aur us ke zawal ka aaghaz bhi; unhon ne kuch arse ke liye saltanat ki hudood barr-e-saghir ke bade hisse tak phaila dein.

Taleem aur takht nasheeni

Britannica ke mutabiq Muhammad bin Tughluq taqriban 1290 mein Delhi mein paida hue. Woh Tughluq khandan ke bani Ghiyasuddin Tughluq ke bete the. Un ke bachpan ke bare mein bahut kam maloom hai, magar Britannica ke mutabiq unhon ne achhi taleem hasil ki thi aur falakiyat, mantiq, falsafa, tibb aur fan-e-khitabat jaise mazameen par wasee ilm rakhte the. 1325 mein walid ki wafat ke baad woh sultan bane.

Britannica ke mutabiq muarrikh Ziauddin Barani satrah baras tak un ke qareebi sathi aur mushir rahe, aur Barani ki kitab un ke daur ka sab se aham makhaz hai.

Doosra daar-ul-hukumat: Daulatabad

1327 mein Muhammad bin Tughluq ne Deccan ke shehar Devagiri ko, jis ka naam Daulatabad rakha gaya, apna doosra daar-ul-hukumat banaya. Britannica ke mutabiq us ka maqsad janubi Hindustan par control mazboot karna tha, aur us ke liye Delhi ke logon ko badi tadad mein, baaz soorton mein zabardasti, Daulatabad muntaqil kiya gaya. Britannica ke mutabiq Daulatabad se sultan zarkhez Deccan aur Gujarat par behtar nigrani kar sakte the aur maghribi aur janubi bandargahon tak rasai bhi aasan thi, jabke yeh shehar shumal maghrib se aane wale Mongol hamlon se bhi mehfooz fasle par tha.

Britannica ke mutabiq yeh intizami mansooba nakam raha, kyunke shumal mein baghawaton ki wajah se sultan ko jald hi Delhi wapas aana para. Magar us ke saqafati asarat door-ras the: Britannica likhta hai ke Deccan mein Urdu zaban ke phailao ka suragh isi badi naql-e-makani tak jata hai.

Sikkon ka nizam aur alamati currency

Britannica ke mutabiq Muhammad bin Tughluq ne sikkon ke nizam mein kai islahat keen, aur un ke sikke design, karigari aur dhat ki khalisiyat mein apne pesh-rewon se behtar the.

Un ka sab se mashhoor tajurba alamati currency (token currency) tha: kam qeemat dhat ke aise sikke jin ki sarkari qadr chandi ke sikkon ke barabar rakhi gayi. Britannica ke mutabiq yeh tajurba buri tarah nakam raha. Britannica us ke pas-manzar mein qeemti dhaton ki kami batata hai: Bengal aur janubi soobon ke hath se nikalne ke baad Delhi sone aur chandi ki faraham ke aham raston se kat gayi thi, jabke fauj ke liye ghore bahut mehnge the. Britannica ke mutabiq us daur mein Wasti Asia ka ek aam ghora 100 chandi ke tankon ka, aur umda Arabi ya Irani ghora aik hazar se chaar hazar tankon tak ka hota tha. Isi bohran ke jawab mein sultan ne sikkon ka wazan kam kiya aur alamati currency ka tajurba kiya.

Zaraat aur qehat

Muhammad bin Tughluq ki zarai policyan kam mashhoor hain magar aham hain. Britannica ke mutabiq woh pehle hukmran the jinhon ne faslon ki bari (rotation of crops) mutaruf karayi, sarkari farm qayam kiye, aur Zaraat ka aik alag mahkama bana kar masnooi abpashi ko behtar banaya.

1338 se 1340 tak shumali Hindustan mein qehat para. Britannica ke mutabiq sultan ne qehat zada logon ki imdad ki khud nigrani ke liye apni rihaish Swarg Dwari muntaqil kar li. Britannica ke mutabiq woh tareekh mein pehle Hindustani hukmran the jinhon ne qehat ke baad dehat ki bahali ke liye kisanon ko qarze (taqawi) diye.

China se safarat aur Ibn Battuta

Britannica ke mutabiq shumali pahari riyasaton ki taraf Qarajil (Garhwal aur Kumaon) ki muhim nakam rahi, magar us ke baad China aur Delhi ke darmiyan safiron ka tabadla hua.

Muhammad bin Tughluq ka darbar door daraz ke ahl-e-ilm ko apni taraf kheenchta tha. Un mein Morocco ke mashhoor sayyah Ibn Battuta bhi the. Britannica ke mutabiq Ibn Battuta ne Delhi mein qazi ke tor par kaam kiya, aur un ke safarnamay mein us daur ke Delhi aur sultan ke darbar ka tafseeli bayan milta hai.

Mushkilat

Britannica ke mutabiq apne poore daur mein Muhammad bin Tughluq ko baees baghawaton ka samna raha. 1335 ke baad janubi soobe aik aik kar ke alag hote gaye, aur 1347 mein Deccan mein Bahmani saltanat qayam hui. 1328-1329 mein Doab mein zameen ka mehsool barhaya gaya, jo khushk sali ke sath mil kar shadeed mushkilat ka sabab bana.

Wafat

Britannica ke mutabiq Muhammad bin Tughluq ki aakhri muhim Gujarat ke aik baghi sardar ke taaqub mein thi, aur isi dauran 20 March 1351 ko Sindh mein Sonda ke maqam par un ka intiqal hua. Un ke baad un ke chacha zad Firoz Shah Tughluq sultan bane.

Wirsa

Britannica Muhammad bin Tughluq ko chaudhwin sadi ki sab se mutanaza aur pecheeda shakhsiyat mein shumar karta hai. Un ke kai mansoobe nakam rahe, magar un ke sikkon ki karigari, Zaraat ke mahkame, qehat mein taqawi qarzon, aur Daulatabad ke zariye Deccan mein Urdu ki ibtida jaise pehlu aaj bhi tareekh ke talib ilmon ki tawajjo ka markaz hain.