Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar: Terah baras ka badshah jis ne Mughalia saltanat ko mazboot bunyadein deen

1556 mein jab ek terah salah larka Punjab ke qasbe Kalanaur mein eentoon ke ek sada chabootre par takht nasheen hua to Mughlon ki hukumat chand shehron tak mehdood thi aur is ka mustaqbil ghair yaqeeni tha. Taqriban pachas baras baad jab is ka intiqal hua to shimali, wastai aur maghribi Hindustan ka bara hissa is ki saltanat mein shamil tha. Yeh badshah Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (Akbar) the, Mughalia khandan ke teesre hukmran aur Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babar ke pote.

Paidaish aur takht nasheeni

Akbar 1542 mein Sindh ke qilae Umarkot mein paida hue. Us waqt un ke walid Naseeruddin Muhammad Humayun (Humayun) Sher Shah Suri se shikast kha kar jila watani ki zindagi guzar rahe the, is liye Akbar ka bachpan zyada tar Kabul aur Kandahar mein chachaon ke paas guzra. Vincent Smith ke mutabiq un ki asal tareekh-e-paidaish 23 November thi, jise baad mein sarkari tareekh nawison ne badal kar 15 October kar diya.

1555 mein Humayun ne Delhi wapas le liya, magar chand maah baad un ka intiqal ho gaya. Us waqt Akbar apne ataleeq Bairam Khan (Bairam Khan) ke sath Punjab mein Suri khandan ke ek dawedar Sikandar Suri ke khilaf muhim par the. February 1556 mein Kalanaur mein un ki takht nasheeni hui aur Bairam Khan saltanat ke amli muntazim bane.

Isi saal Suri hukumat ke wazir aur sipah salar Hemu (Hemu) ne Delhi aur Agra par qabza kar liya. Bairam Khan ke mashware par Mughal fauj ne Delhi ka rukh kiya aur 5 November 1556 ko Panipat ke maidan mein, jise Panipat ki doosri jang kaha jata hai, Hemu ki fauj ko shikast di. Is fatah se Mughal hukumat dobara qaim ho gayi. Char baras baad, 1560 mein, atharah salah Akbar ne Bairam Khan ko mansab se alag kar ke hukumat ki baag dor khud sambhal li.

Fatuhat aur saltanat ki tawseeh

Akbar ka beshtar daur-e-hukumat jangi Muhimmat mein guzra. 1568 mein Mewar ka qila Chittor aur agle baras Ranthambore fatah hua, jis ke baad Rajputana ke aksar hukmranon ne Mughlon ki ita’at qabool kar li; sirf Mewar mazahmat karta raha. 1572 aur 1573 mein Gujarat fatah hua, jis se saltanat ko pehli baar samandar tak rasai mili. Is ke baad Bengal ke Afghan hukmran Daud Khan ke khilaf muhim shuru hui aur Bengal bhi saltanat ka hissa ban gaya.

1580 ki dahai mein Akbar ka markaz Lahore raha. Isi daur mein 1586 mein Kashmir saltanat mein shamil hua, 1591 mein Sindh aur 1595 mein Kandahar saltanat ka hissa bane. Aakhri barason mein unhon ne Deccan ka rukh kiya aur January 1601 mein Khandesh ka mazboot qila Asirgarh fatah kiya.

Intizam-e-saltanat

Mauarrikheen Akbar ko Mughalia saltanat ke intizami dhanche ka asal memar qarar dete hain. Un ke daur mein mansabdari nizam ko baqaida shakl di gayi. Smith ke mutabiq sarkari ohdedaron ko "mansabdar" kaha jata tha aur unhein taintees darjon mein taqseem kiya gaya tha, jin mein das sawaron ke commander se le kar panch hazar sawaron ke commander tak ke ohde shamil the. Har mansabdar ko apne darje ke mutabiq shahi fauj ke liye sawar mohayya karne hote the.

Zameen ke mehsool ke liye Akbar ne woh tareeqa apnaya jis ki bunyad Sher Shah Suri ke daur mein pari thi: zameen ki paimaish ki jati aur fasal aur paidawar ke hisab se lagan muqarrar hota. Is nizam ki tanzeem mein Raja Todar Mal (Todar Mal) ka naam khaas taur par liya jata hai. Soobon ke hakim barah-e-raast badshah ko jawab deh the.

Akbar ne Rajput hukmranon ke sath rishte daryan qaim keen aur unhein aala fauji aur intizami ohde diye. BBC ke ek jaize ke mutabiq un ki hukumat mein bohat se Hindu zimmedar ohdon par faiz the, aur ghair Muslimon ko apne muamlat apne qawaneen ke mutabiq tay karne ki ijazat thi.

Mazhabi policy aur sulh-e-kul

Akbar ki policyon ka yeh pehlu aaj bhi mauarrikheen ki bahas ka mauzu hai, is liye yahan sirf woh waqiat darj kiye ja rahe hain jin par makhaz muttafiq hain. Smith ke mutabiq 1563 mein Akbar ne Hindu yatriyon par lagne wala mehsool khatam kiya aur 1564 ke awail mein ghair Muslimon par aid jizya bhi mauqoof kar diya.

1575 mein Fatehpur Sikri mein "Ibadat Khana" tameer hua jahan mukhtalif mazahib aur makatib-e-fikr ke ulama ke darmiyan mubahase hote the. 1580 mein Goa se Portuguese padri bhi darbar mein aaye. Akbar ki is policy ko, jis ka maqsad mukhtalif mazahib ke manne walon ke sath yaksan sulook tha, "sulh-e-kul" kaha jata hai.

1582 mein darbar mein ek naya silsila mutaarif hua jo "Deen-e-Ilahi" ke naam se mashhoor hai. Is ki nauiyat par mauarrikheen muttafiq nahin: Smith jaise mauarrikheen ise ek naya mazhabi silsila qarar dete hain, jabke mauarrikh Athar Ali samet deegar muhaqqiqeen ke nazdeek yeh sulh-e-kul ki intizami policy hi ka hissa tha. BBC ke mutabiq yeh silsila darbar se bahar nahin phaila aur Akbar ke sath hi khatam ho gaya.

Fatehpur Sikri aur ilm o fun

Akbar ne Agra ke qareeb Sikri ke maqam par, jahan sufi buzurg Sheikh Saleem Chishti rehte the, ek naya shehar basaya jise Fatehpur Sikri kaha gaya. Smith ke mutabiq yahan ki Jama Masjid 1571 aur 1572 ke dauran mukammal hui, aur is ka azeem-ush-shan darwaza "Buland Darwaza" ghaliban Gujarat ki fatah ki yaadgar ke taur par 1575 aur 1576 mein tameer hua. Akbar ne Agra ka qila aur Allahabad ka qila bhi tameer karwaya.

Akbar ka darbar ilm o fun ka markaz tha. Un ke wazir aur mauarrikh Abul Fazl (Abul Fazl) ne "Akbarnama" aur "Ain-e-Akbari" likhin, jo is daur ki tareekh, intizam aur muashrat ka bunyadi makhaz hain. Mashhoor mausiqar Tansen bhi un ke darbar se wabasta hue. Akbar ki sarparasti mein Mughal musawwari ka shahi karkhana paravan charha, jis ke musawwaron ne Akbarnama samet kai kitabon ko tasveeron se araasta kiya.

Aakhri ayyam

October 1605 mein Akbar pechish ke marz mein mubtala hue aur isi mahine Agra mein un ka intiqal ho gaya. Unhein Agra ke qareeb Sikandra mein dafan kiya gaya, jahan un ka maqbara aaj bhi mojood hai. Un ke baad un ke bete Saleem, Nooruddin Muhammad Jahangir ke laqab se, takht par baithe.

Wirsa

BBC ke mazkura jaize ke mutabiq Akbar ko duniya ke bare hukmranon mein shumar kiya jata hai. Un ka qaim kardah mansabdari aur mehsool ka nizam aur soobai dhancha baad ke Mughal hukmranon ke daur mein bhi jari raha, agarche un ki mazhabi policyon ke bare mein mauarrikheen ki aara aaj bhi mukhtalif hain.

Akbar ne ek kamzor aur bikhri hui hukumat wirse mein pai thi aur ek wasee aur munazzam saltanat apne janasheenon ke hawale ki. Un ke baad aane wale Mughal badshahon ka daur, apni tamam tabdeeliyon ke bawajood, bari had tak inhi bunyadon par khara raha.