Malik Shah Awwal: Isfahan, Omar Khayyam aur Jalali calendar ka daur

Iran ke shehar Isfahan ki Jamia Masjid mein eentoon ke do qadeem gumbad hain jo gyarahveen sadi ke Seljuk daur ki yadgar hain. Yehi woh zamana tha jab usi shehar mein Omar Khayyam aur doosre mahireen-e-falakiyat ne ek naya shamsi calendar tayyar kiya. Donon kaam Seljuk sultan Malik Shah Awwal (Malik-Shah I) ke daur mein hue, jinhon ne 1072 se 1092 tak hukumat ki. Encyclopaedia Iranica ke mutabiq un ke daur mein Seljuk saltanat apni sab se badi wusat tak pahunchi.

Ibtidai zindagi

Iranica ke mutabiq Malik Shah 16 August 1055 ko paida hue (ek riwayat 1053 batati hai) aur un ki parwarish Isfahan ke aas paas hui. Makhaz unhein gore rang ka, daraz qad aur qadre farba bayan karte hain. Un ke walid Alp Arslan ne unhein kam umri hi se hukumat ke kaamon se manoos kiya. 1064 mein un ki shadi Qarakhani khaqan ki beti Turkan Khatun se hui, aur 1066 mein unhein bazabta taur par wali ahd muqarrar kar ke Isfahan ka ilaqa diya gaya.

Takht nashini

1072 ke aakhir mein Alp Arslan Mawara-un-Nahr ki muhim ke aghaz par zakhmi ho kar intiqal kar gaye. Iranica ke mutabiq un ke chacha Qawurd ne saltanat par dawa kiya, magar April 1073 mein maujooda Arak ke qareeb Karaj ke maqam par Malik Shah ko kamyabi mili aur un ki haisiyat mustahkam ho gayi. 1074 mein Baghdad ke naye khalifa Al-Muqtadi ne bhi unhein sarkari taur par tasleem kar liya.

Saltanat ki wusat

Iranica ke mutabiq Malik Shah ka daur Seljuk khandan mein doosra taweel tareen daur tha, aur is ki pehchan ek taraf sarhadon ki tawseeh aur doosri taraf saltanat ke andar aman tha. Ghaznavi sultan Ibrahim ke sath unhon ne achhe talluqat rakhe, jo rishtedariyon se mazeed mazboot hue. 1089 mein Samarkand un ki amaldari mein aaya, aur un ki hukumat Sham ke sahil tak pahunchi. Iranica mauarrikh Ibn al-Athir ke hawale se likhta hai ke un ki saltanat "China ki sarhadon se Sham ki hudood tak" phaili hui thi, aur kisi doosre Seljuk sultan ne itne wasee ilaqe par hukumat nahin ki.

Intizam aur Nizam-ul-Mulk

Malik Shah ke poore daur mein Nizam-ul-Mulk un ke wazir-e-azam rahe. Iranica ke mutabiq Nizam-ul-Mulk ko ek munfarid taqat hasil thi, kyunke woh Alp Arslan ke daur se hukumat chala rahe the aur Malik Shah ko bachpan se jante the; woh sultan se 36 baras bade the. Iranica ke mutabiq Nizam-ul-Mulk ka daira zyada tar shehron aur shehri intizam tak tha, jabke sultan ka waqt zyada tar apni fauji chhawni mein apne umra, darbariyon aur darbari shayar Amir Muizzi ke sath guzarta tha.

Saltanat ke mukhtalif hisson ka intizam yaksan nahin tha. Iranica ke mutabiq Baghdad, Isfahan, Nishapur aur Khwarazm jaise aham marakiz mein sultan ke bade fauji amir shehri hakim muqarrar hote the; doosre suboon khandan ke afrad ko diye jate the, jo aksar "Malik" ka laqab rakhte the; aur kai matehat riyasatein kharaj ada karti thin. Iranica ke mutabiq musalsal tawseeh ne fauj ko masroof aur mutmain rakha, shahi khazana bhara raha, aur sultan ka ikhtiyar un ke baad aane wale adwaar ke muqable mein bohat kam challenge hua.

Isfahan: daral-hukumat

Iranica ke mutabiq jab Malik Shah kisi muhim par na hote to zyada tar Isfahan ke subay mein rehte the, aur is daur mein Isfahan ko Seljuk saltanat ka daral-hukumat samjha ja sakta hai. Shahi khazana aur aslaha khana Isfahan se taqriban 8 kilometre janub mein Shah Diz ke qilay mein rakha jata tha. Unhon ne Isfahan ki faseel se bahar char char deewari wale bagh banwaye, jahan un ki chhawni lagti thi. Apne daur ke aakhir mein unhon ne Baghdad ko sardiyon ka daral-hukumat banane ka faisla kiya aur 1092 mein wahan ek bada tameeraati mansooba shuru kiya.

Iranica ke mutabiq Malik Shah ki apni koi imarat mehfooz nahin rahi, magar Isfahan aur Nishapur samet kai jagahon ke katbon par un ka naam un ke naam se hone wali tameeraat ki yadgar ke taur par milta hai. Britannica ke mutabiq un ka daur un ke daral-hukumat Isfahan ki shandar masajid ke liye yaad rakha jata hai.

Isfahan ki Jamia Masjid

UNESCO ke mutabiq Isfahan ki Jamia Masjid Iran ki qadeem tareen jamia masjid hai aur is mein barah sadiyon ke tarz-e-tameer ki jhalak milti hai, magar is ke sab se numayan hisse Seljuk daur ke hain. Usi daur mein sehan ke charon taraf char aiwan banaye gaye aur do ghair mamooli gumbad tameer hue. UNESCO ke mutabiq yeh pehli Islami imarat hai jis mein Sasani mahallat ke char aiwani naqshe ko apnaya gaya, aur Malik Shah ke wazir ke naam se mansoob Nizam-ul-Mulk gumbad Islami duniya mein dohri teh wala aur pasliyon wala (double-shell ribbed) pehla gumbad hai. Yeh donon khususiyat baad mein poore khitte ki masajid aur maqbaron ke liye namoona baniin.

Jalali calendar aur Omar Khayyam

Iranica ke mutabiq Malik Shah ka sab se derpa wirsa bila shubah "Jalali" calendar hai, jo un ke laqab Jalal-ud-Daula ke naam se mansoob hua aur daral-hukumat Isfahan mein kiye gaye falakiyati mushahidat par mabni tha.

Britannica ke mutabiq Malik Shah ne riyazi dan aur shayar Omar Khayyam (Omar Khayyam) ko Isfahan bulaya taake calendar ki islah ke liye zaroori falakiyati mushahidat kiye jayen. Is maqsad ke liye wahan ek rasadgah banayi gayi. Naye calendar mein har 33 baras mein 8 leap ke saal rakhe gaye, aur Britannica ke mutabiq yeh aaj ke raij Gregorian calendar se bhi zyada durust tha. Malik Shah ne use 1075 mein nafiz kiya. Britannica ke mutabiq Omar Khayyam ne Isfahan hi mein Euclid ki geometry par apne aham tanqeedi kaam bhi likhe.

Britannica ke mutabiq Malik Shah adab, science aur fan mein gehri dilchaspi rakhte the, aur un ka daur Isfahan ki masajid, Omar Khayyam ki shayari aur calendar ki islah ke liye yaad rakha jata hai.

Wafat

October 1092 mein Nizam-ul-Mulk Isfahan se Baghdad jate hue raste mein qatl ho gaye. Is ke sirf ek mah baad, 19 November 1092 ko, Malik Shah Baghdad ke qareeb shikar ke dauran achanak saintees baras ki umr mein intiqal kar gaye. Iranica ke mutabiq un ki mayyat Isfahan layi gayi aur wahin ek madrase mein dafn ki gayi.

Wirsa

Iranica ke mutabiq un ki achanak wafat ke waqt janasheeni ka koi wazeh intizam nahin tha, aur saltanat aise khandani bohran mein phans gayi jis se woh dobara poori tarah na sambhal saki. Isi tazad ki wajah se baad ke musannifin ne un ke daur ko sunehra zamana qarar diya. Iranica ke mutabiq Arab duniya, Iran aur Hindustan, teenon jagah ke baad ke adab mein Malik Shah ko ek insaf pasand badshah ke taur par yaad kiya gaya. Un ka Jalali calendar aur Isfahan ki masjid ke gumbad aaj bhi un ke daur ki sab se numayan nishaniyan hain.