Ismail Samani: Bukhara ko daar-ul-hukumat banane wala amir

Wasti Asia ke shehar Bukhara ke ek bagh mein pakki eenton ki ek chhoti si mukaab numa imarat khari hai, jis ki deewaron par eenton ko is tarah jora gaya hai ke woh tokri ki bunai jaisi dikhai deti hain. Yeh imarat Ismail Samani ke maqbare ke naam se mashhoor hai. Ismail bin Ahmad Samani (Isma'il ibn Ahmad) ne 892 se 907 tak Mawara-un-Nahr aur Khurasan par hukumat ki, aur inhi ke daur mein Bukhara Samani riyasat ka daar-ul-hukumat bana.

Samani khandan

Britannica ke mutabiq Samani khandan (819-999) maujooda mashriqi Iran aur Uzbekistan ke ilaqe mein ubhra. Khandan ke bani Saman Khuda ke chaar potoon ko Abbasi khalifa ki khidmat ke sile mein mukhtalif ilaqon ki hukumat mili: Nooh ko Samarkand, Ahmad ko Farghana, Yahya ko Shash (maujooda Tashkent) aur Ilyas ko Herat. Ismail inhi Ahmad ke bete the, aur un ke bare bhai Nasr 875 mein Mawara-un-Nahr ke governor bane.

Bukhara ke governor

Encyclopaedia Iranica ke mutabiq Ismail 849 mein paida hue. Taqriban bees baras, 874 se 892 tak, woh apne bhai Nasr ki taraf se Bukhara ke governor rahe, jabke Nasr khud Samarkand mein rehte the. Iranica ke mutabiq yeh daur Khurasan aur Mawara-un-Nahr mein bad-amni ka tha, aur governor ki haisiyat se Ismail ko Bukhara ke difa ki zimmedari bhi sambhalni pari. Donon bhaiyon ke darmiyan bhi kuch arse ikhtilafat rahe.

Poori riyasat ki hukumat

August 892 mein Nasr ka intiqal hua to Ismail poore Mawara-un-Nahr ke hukmran ban gaye. Iranica ke mutabiq unhon ne daar-ul-hukumat Samarkand se Bukhara muntaqil kar diya, aur is ke baad se Bukhara Samani imarat ka markaz raha. Baghdad mein khalifa al-Mutazid ne unhein Mawara-un-Nahr ka governor tasleem kar liya.

900 mein Balkh ke qareeb ek jang mein unhon ne Saffari hukmran Amr bin Layth ko shikast di. Iranica ke mutabiq is ke baad khalifa ne unhein Khurasan, Sistan, Rey, Tabaristan aur Isfahan ka governor bhi muqarrar kar diya, agarche baad ke Samani amir mustaqil taur par sirf Khurasan aur Mawara-un-Nahr hi ko apne paas rakh sake.

Amli khudmukhtari

Iranica ke mutabiq Ismail rasmi taur par khalifa ki baladasti tasleem karte rahe, aur sikkon par khalifa ka naam aata raha, magar Baghdad se doori aur apne barhte hue waqar ki wajah se woh amlan ek khudmukhtar hukmran the. Iranica yeh bhi likhta hai ke is baat ka koi saboot nahin milta ke unhon ne Baghdad ko baqaida kharaj ya mehsulat bheje hon.

Britannica ke mutabiq Samaniyon ki hukumat nisbatan ghair markazi thi, jis mein maqami umara ko khasa ikhtiyar hasil rehta tha. Ismail ke aakhri barson mein un ki riyasat maghrib mein Rey aur Qazvin tak pahunch gayi, aur 904 mein unhon ne shumal ke maidanon se aane wale ek Turk hamle ko roka.

Tijarat aur chandi ke sikke

Samani daur ki khushhali ka ek bara sabab tijarat thi. Bukhara aur Samarkand Shahrah-e-Resham par waqe the. Britannica ke mutabiq Samani daur mein Mawara-un-Nahr aur Khurasan ne taraqqi ki, sanat aur tijarat mein numayan izafa hua, aur is ka saboot yeh hai ke Samani chandi ke sikke poore shumali Asia mein currency ke taur par istemal hote the.

Fan aur ilm

Britannica ke mutabiq Samani daur mein Samarkand aur Bukhara saqafati marakiz bane, Farsi adab ne taraqqi ki, aur falsafa aur tareekh nawisi ki hausla afzai hui. Farsi ke bare shair Rudaki aur Firdausi ka talluq bhi isi daur se hai, agarche un ki shayari Ismail ke baad ke zamane mein samne aayi.

Britannica ke mutabiq Samani daur ka Islami fan mein sab se aham hissa Nishapur aur Samarkand mein banne wale mitti ke bartan hain. Samani kumharon ne rangon ko gaarhi mitti (slip) mein mila kar naqsh banane ki technique apnai, taake pakate waqt naqsh na phailen. In pyalon aur plateon par ghursawar, parinde, sher aur bailon ke sar jaise nuqoosh milte hain. Nishapur mein kansi ki dhalai aur dhaat kari ka fan bhi phala phoola.

Maqbara-e-Ismail Samani

Samani daur ki bohat kam imaraten baqi bachi hain. In mein sab se mashhoor Bukhara ka woh maqbara hai jo Ismail Samani se mansoob hai. Britannica ke mutabiq yeh mukammal taur par mutawazin (symmetrical) imarat poori ki poori eenton se bani hai, aur eenton hi se is par ubhre hue aaraishi naqsh banaye gaye hain; Britannica yeh bhi batata hai ke is mein ek se ziyada qabrein hain. UNESCO ne ise apni "sada nafasat" ki wajah se mutasir kun aur poori Islami duniya mein daswin sadi ke fan-e-tameer ka behtareen mehfooz namoona qarar diya hai, aur yeh Bukhara ke tareekhi markaz ka hissa hai jo aalami wirse ki fehrist mein shamil hai.

Iranica ke mutabiq agarche is maqbare ko Ismail ka maqbara kaha jata hai, magar baaz mohaqqiqin ke khayal mein yeh Samani daur ke kuch baad ke hisse ki tameer hai.

Wafat

Iranica ke mutabiq Ismail ka intiqal November 907 mein hua aur un ke bete Ahmad un ke janasheen bane. Iranica ke mutabiq baad ki tareekhi aur adabi kitabon mein un ka zikr insaf pasand hukmran ke taur par milta hai, aur makhaz mein unhein "Amir-e-Mazi" aur "Amir-e-Adil" ke namon se yaad kiya gaya hai.

Wirsa

Britannica ke mutabiq Samani riyasat daswin sadi ke wasat se kamzor hone lagi aur 999 mein Bukhara par Qarakhani Turkon ka qabza ho gaya. Iranica Ismail ko Samani amiron mein sab se bara qarar deta hai, kyunke un ke janasheenon mein se koi un ke paye ka nahin tha. Un ka sab se derpa kaam Bukhara ko ek riyasat ka markaz banana tha; yeh shehar is ke baad bhi sadiyon tak Wasti Asia ke bare ilmi aur tijarati marakiz mein shumar hota raha.